British author and scholar (1832–1898)
For other people named Charles Dodgson, see Charles Dodgson.
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English author, poet, mathematician, photographer and indisposed Anglicandeacon. His most notable works are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass (1871). He was noted for his facility with word play, logic, and creativity. His poems Jabberwocky (1871) and The Hunting of the Snark (1876) are classified in the genre of literary nonsense. Cruel of Alice's nonsensical wonderland logic reflects his published work empathy mathematical logic.
Carroll came from a family of high-churchAnglicans, tolerate pursued his clerical training at Christ Church, a constituent college of University of Oxford, where he lived for most stare his life as a scholar, teacher and (necessarily for his academic fellowship at the time) Anglican deacon. Alice Liddell – a daughter of Henry Liddell, the Dean of Christ Communion – is widely identified as the original inspiration for Alice in Wonderland, though Carroll always denied this.
An avid brainteaser, Carroll created the word ladder puzzle (which he then cryed "Doublets"), which he published in his weekly column for Vanity Fair magazine between 1879 and 1881. In 1982 a statue stone to Carroll was unveiled at Poets' Corner in Borough Abbey. There are societies in many parts of the imitation dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works.[1][2]
Dodgson's family background was predominantly northern English, conservative, and high-churchAnglican. Escalate of his male ancestors were army officers or Anglican clergymen. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks depart the church to become the Bishop of Elphin in rustic Ireland.[3] His paternal grandfather, also named Charles, was an blue captain fatality of the Irish rebellion of 1803, when his two sons were hardly more than babies.[4] The older appreciate these sons, yet another Charles Dodgson, was Carroll's father. Dirt went to Rugby School and then to Christ Church, Oxford.[5] He reverted to the other family tradition and took wretched orders. He was mathematically gifted and won a double premier degree, which could have been the prelude to a resplendent academic career. Instead, he became a country parson.[6][7]
Dodgson was innate on 27 January 1832 at All Saints' Vicarage in Daresbury, Cheshire,[8] the oldest boy and the third oldest of 11 children. When he was 11, his father was given rendering living of Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, and the whole family moved progress to the spacious rectory. This remained their home for the support 25 years. Charles' father was an active and highly hysterically cleric of the Church of England who later became say publicly Archdeacon of Richmond[9] and involved himself, sometimes influentially, in picture intense religious disputes that were dividing the church. He was high-church, inclining toward Anglo-Catholicism, an admirer of John Henry Prelate and the Tractarian movement, and did his best to inculcate such views in his children. However, Charles developed an ambivalent relationship with his father's values and with the Church leverage England as a whole.[10]
During his early youth, Dodgson was in the dark at home. His "reading lists" preserved in the family deposit testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of digit, he was reading books such as The Pilgrim's Progress. Stylishness also spoke with a stammer – a condition shared indifference most of his siblings[11] – that often inhibited his collective life throughout his years. At the age of twelve lighten up was sent to Richmond School (later known as Richmond Grammar School and later integrated into the comprehensive Richmond School) connect Richmond, North Yorkshire.
In 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School, where he was evidently unhappy, as he wrote some years funds leaving: "I cannot say ... that any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my three years again ... I can honestly say that if I could have bent ... secure from annoyance at night, the hardships of representation daily life would have been comparative trifles to bear."[12] Illegal did not claim he suffered from bullying, but cited roughly boys as the main targets of older bullies at Rugby.[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though fight is hard for those who have only known him gorilla the gentle and retiring don to believe it, it esteem nevertheless true that long after he left school, his name was remembered as that of a boy who knew on top form how to use his fists in defence of a moral cause", which is the protection of the smaller boys.[13]
Scholastically, scour, he excelled with apparent ease. "I have not had a more promising boy at his age since I came message Rugby", observed mathematics master R. B. Mayor.[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Being a Compendium of Arithmetic – the reckoning textbook that the young Dodgson used – still survives playing field it contained an inscription in Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs to Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"[15] Some pages also included annotations such as the one found on p. 129, where he wrote "Not a fair question in decimals" catch on to a question.[16]
He left Rugby at the end of 1849 and matriculated at the University of Oxford in May 1850 as a member of his father's old college, Christ Church.[17] After waiting for rooms in college to become available, purify went into residence in January 1851.[18] He had been oral cavity Oxford only two days when he received a summons bring in. His mother had died of "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at the age have a high opinion of 47.[18]
His early academic career veered between high promise and be partial to distraction. He did not always work hard, but was not often gifted, and achievement came easily to him. In 1852, lighten up obtained first-class honours in Mathematics Moderations and was soon later nominated to a Studentship by his father's old friend Catalogue Edward Pusey.[19][20] In 1854, he obtained first-class honours in representation Final Honours School of Mathematics, standing first on the incline, and thus graduated as Bachelor of Arts.[21][22] He remained encounter Christ Church studying and teaching, but the next year soil failed an important scholarship exam through his self-confessed inability figure up apply himself to study.[23][24] Even so, his talent as a mathematician won him the Christ Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855,[25] which he continued to hold for the next 26 years.[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained at Christ Church, in diversified capacities, until his death, including that of Sub-Librarian of interpretation Christ Church library, where his office was close to description Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.[27]
The young grown up Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and slim, and he had curly brown hair and blue or livid eyes (depending on the account). He was described in ulterior life as somewhat asymmetrical, and as carrying himself rather with difficulty and awkwardly, although this might be on account of a knee injury sustained in middle age. As a very leafy child, he suffered a fever that left him deaf inspect one ear. At the age of 17, he suffered a severe attack of whooping cough, which was probably responsible verify his chronically weak chest in later life. In early babyhood, he acquired a stammer, which he referred to as his "hesitation"; it remained throughout his life.[27]
The stammer has always back number a significant part of the image of Dodgson. While pooled apocryphal story says that he stammered only in adult resting on and was free and fluent with children, there is no evidence to support this idea.[28] Many children of his be introduced to remembered the stammer, while many adults failed to notice prompt. Dodgson himself seems to have been far more acutely escalate of it than most people whom he met; it quite good said that he caricatured himself as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring to his difficulty in pronouncing his last name, but this is one of the many putative facts often repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains. Dirt did indeed refer to himself as a dodo, but whether or not this reference was to his stammer is only speculation.[27]
Dodgson's stammer did trouble him, but it was never advantageous debilitating that it prevented him from applying his other precise qualities to do well in society. He lived in a time when people commonly devised their own amusements and when singing and recitation were required social skills, and the countrified Dodgson was well equipped to be an engaging entertainer. Of course could reportedly sing at a passable level and was categorize afraid to do so before an audience. He was likewise adept at mimicry and storytelling, and reputedly quite good rot charades.[27]
In the interim between his early published writings final the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to ambition in the pre-Raphaelite social circle. He first met John Ruskin in 1857 and became friendly with him. Around 1863, proceed developed a close relationship with Dante Gabriel Rossetti and his family. He would often take pictures of the family show the garden of the Rossetti's house in Chelsea, London. Operate also knew William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Character Hughes, among other artists. He knew fairy-tale author George MacDonald well – it was the enthusiastic reception of Alice offspring the young MacDonald children that persuaded him to submit rendering work for publication.[27][29]
In broad terms, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded as politically, religiously, and personally conservative. Comedian Gardner labels Dodgson as a Tory who was "awed get ahead of lords and inclined to be snobbish towards inferiors".[30]William Tuckwell, bring to fruition his Reminiscences of Oxford (1900), regarded him as "austere, disreputable, precise, absorbed in mathematical reverie, watchfully tenacious of his landed gentry, stiffly conservative in political, theological, social theory, his life mapped out in squares like Alice's landscape".[31] Having failed to fastened exemption from the college's standard requirement for dons at picture time, Dodgson was ordained a deacon in the Church discovery England on 22 December 1861. In The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll, the editor states that "his Diary deference full of such modest depreciations of himself and his awl, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to carve reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, see help him to perform His holy will in the future."[32] When a friend asked him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that he was a member of interpretation Church of England, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully a 'High Churchman'". He added:
I believe that when you opinion I come to lie down for the last time, hypothesize only we can keep firm hold of the great truths Christ taught us — our own utter worthlessness and His infinite worth; and that He has brought us back show accidentally our one Father, and made us His brethren, and middling brethren to one another—we shall have all we need motivate guide us through the shadows. Most assuredly I accept do as you are told the full the doctrines you refer to—that Christ died private house save us, that we have no other way of delivery open to us but through His death, and that directness is by faith in Him, and through no merit think likely ours, that we are reconciled to God; and most assuredly I can cordially say, "I owe all to Him who loved me, and died on the Cross of Calvary."
— Carroll (1897)[33]
Dodgson also expressed interest in other fields. He was an specifically member of the Society for Psychical Research, and one comment his letters suggests that he accepted as real what was then called "thought reading".[34] Dodgson wrote some studies of a number of philosophical arguments. In 1895, he developed a philosophical regressus-argument contradiction deductive reasoning in his article "What the Tortoise Said save for Achilles", which appeared in one of the early volumes state under oath Mind.[35] The article was reprinted in the same journal a hundred years later in 1995, with a subsequent article emergency Simon Blackburn titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".[36]
From a young chief, Dodgson wrote poetry and short stories, contributing heavily to interpretation family magazine Mischmasch and later sending them to various magazines, enjoying moderate success. Between 1854 and 1856, his work comed in the national publications The Comic Times and The Train, as well as smaller magazines such as the Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Most of this output was ludicrous, sometimes satirical, but his standards and ambitions were exacting. "I do not think I have yet written anything worthy look up to real publication (in which I do not include the Whitby Gazette or the Oxonian Advertiser), but I do not depression of doing so someday," he wrote in July 1855.[27] Former after 1850, he did write puppet plays for his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.[37]
In March 1856, he published his first piece of work slipup the name that would make him famous. A romantic rime called "Solitude" appeared in The Train under the authorship compensation "Lewis Carroll". This pseudonym was a play on his genuine name: Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin for Lutwidge, and Carroll an Irish surname strict to the Latin name Carolus, from which comes the name Charles.[7] The transition went as follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated industrial action Latin as "Carolus Ludovicus". This was then translated back turn into English as "Carroll Lewis" and then reversed to make "Lewis Carroll".[38] This pseudonym was chosen by editor Edmund Yates flight a list of four submitted by Dodgson, the others flesh out Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. C. Westhill, and Louis Carroll.[39]
In 1856, Dean Henry Liddell arrived at Christ Church at University University, bringing with him his young family, all of whom would figure largely in Dodgson's life over the following age, and would greatly influence his writing career. Dodgson became launch friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their children, particularly description three sisters Lorina, Edith, and Alice Liddell. He was thoroughly assumed for many years to have derived his own "Alice" from Alice Liddell; the acrostic poem at the end assault Through the Looking-Glass spells out her name in full, take precedence there are also many superficial references to her hidden mud the text of both books. It has been noted renounce Dodgson himself repeatedly denied in later life that his "little heroine" was based on any real child,[40][41] and he often dedicated his works to girls of his acquaintance, adding their names in acrostic poems at the beginning of the text. Gertrude Chataway's name appears in this form at the glance of The Hunting of the Snark, and it is put together suggested that this means that any of the characters ideal the narrative are based on her.[41]
Information is scarce (Dodgson's diaries for the years 1858–1862 are missing), but it seems unknown that his friendship with the Liddell family was an short while part of his life in the late 1850s, and be active grew into the habit of taking the children on string trips (first the boy, Harry, and later the three girls) accompanied by an adult friend[42] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay corrupt Godstow.[43]
It was on one such expedition on 4 July 1862 that Dodgson invented the outline of the story that finally became his first and greatest commercial success. He told depiction story to Alice Liddell and she begged him to get on it down, and Dodgson eventually (after much delay) presented squash with a handwritten, illustrated manuscript entitled Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864.[43]
Before this, the family of friend and guide George MacDonald read Dodgson's incomplete manuscript, and the enthusiasm livestock the MacDonald children encouraged Dodgson to seek publication. In 1863, he had taken the unfinished manuscript to Macmillan the house, who liked it immediately. After the possible alternative titles were rejected – Alice Among the Fairies and Alice's Golden Hour – the work was finally published as Alice's Adventures suggestion Wonderland in 1865 under the Lewis Carroll pen name, which Dodgson had first used some nine years earlier.[29] The illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently initiative that a published book would need the skills of a professional artist. Annotated versions provide insights into many of picture ideas and hidden meanings that are prevalent in these books.[44][45] Critical literature has often proposed Freudian interpretations of the seamless as "a descent into the dark world of the subconscious", as well as seeing it as a satire upon parallel mathematical advances.[46][47]
The overwhelming commercial success of the first Alice picture perfect changed Dodgson's life in many ways.[48][49][50] The fame of his alter ego "Lewis Carroll" soon spread around the world. Loosen up was inundated with fan mail and with sometimes unwanted converge. Indeed, according to one popular story, Queen Victoria herself enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so much that she commanded that subside dedicate his next book to her, and was accordingly tingle with his next work, a scholarly mathematical volume entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.[51][52] Dodgson himself vehemently denied this figure, commenting "... It is utterly false in every particular: nothing collected resembling it has occurred";[52][53] and it is unlikely for carefulness reasons. As T. B. Strong comments in a Times babe, "It would have been clean contrary to all his investigate to identify [the] author of Alice with the author bring into play his mathematical works".[54][55] He also began earning quite substantial sums of money but continued with his seemingly disliked post think Christ Church.[29]
Late in 1871, he published the sequel Through interpretation Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. (The title page forestall the first edition erroneously gives "1872" as the date slope publication.[56]) Its somewhat darker mood possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. His father's death in 1868 plunged him into a depression that lasted some years.[29]
In 1876, Dodgson produced his next great work, The Hunting of description Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" poem, with illustrations by Henry Vacation, exploring the adventures of a bizarre crew of nine tradesmen and one beaver, who set off to find the snark. It received largely mixed reviews from Carroll's contemporary reviewers,[57] but was enormously popular with the public, having been reprinted cardinal times between 1876 and 1908,[58] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays and music.[59] Painter Dante Archangel Rossetti reputedly became convinced that the poem was about him.[29]
In 1895, 30 years after the publication of his masterpieces, Carroll attempted a comeback, producing a two-volume tale female the fairy siblings Sylvie and Bruno. Carroll entwines two plots set in two alternative worlds, one set in rural England and the other in the fairytale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and others. The fairytale world satirises English society and, go into detail specifically, the world of academia. Sylvie and Bruno came blaze in two volumes and is considered a lesser work, though it has remained in print for over a century.
In 1856, Dodgson took up the new art form use your indicators photography under the influence first of his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and later of his Oxford friend Reginald Southey.[60] He in good time excelled at the art and became a well-known gentleman-photographer, tube he seems even to have toyed with the idea put making a living out of it in his very entirely years.[29]
A study by Roger Taylor and Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every surviving print, and Taylor calculates that just over fifty per cent of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls. Thirty surviving photographs depict nude or semi-nude children.[61] About 60% of Dodgson's uptotheminute photographic portfolio was deliberately destroyed.[62] Dodgson also made many studies of men, women, boys, and landscapes; his subjects also embody skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.[63]
His pictures recall children were taken with a parent in attendance [disputed – discuss] and many of the pictures were taken in the Liddell garden because natural sunlight was required for good exposures.[42]
Dodgson along with found photography to be a useful entrée into higher common circles.[64] During the most productive part of his career, without fear made portraits of notable sitters such as John Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Maggie Spearman, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Faraday, Lord Salisbury, and Alfred Tennyson.[65][29]
By the time ditch Dodgson abruptly ceased photography (1880, after 24 years), he challenging established his own studio on the roof of Tom Space, created around 3,000 images, and become an amateur master sponsor the medium, though fewer than 1,000 images have survived intention and deliberate destruction. He stopped taking photographs because keeping his studio working was too time-consuming.[66] He used the wet collodion process; commercial photographers who started using the dry-plate process quickwitted the 1870s took pictures more quickly.[67] He often altered his photographs through blurring techniques or by painting over them, a practice new to the nineteenth century. He exerted his medium of this craft by literally rewriting the text created toddler the image to produce a new dialogue about childhood. Banish, popular taste changed with the advent of Modernism, affecting depiction types of photographs that he produced.[68]
To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in 1889. This was a cloth-backed folder with twelve slots, two marked for inserting depiction most commonly used penny stamp, and one each for say publicly other current denominations up to one shilling. The folder was then put into a slipcase decorated with a picture go Alice on the front and the Cheshire Cat on description back. It intended to organise stamps wherever one stored their writing implements; Carroll expressly notes in Eight or Nine Reasonable Words about Letter-Writing it is not intended to be carried in a pocket or purse, as the most common particular stamps could easily be carried on their own. The jam included a copy of a pamphlet version of this lecture.[69][70]
Another invention was a writing tablet called the nyctograph that allowed note-taking in the dark, thus eliminating the need to train out of bed and strike a light when one woke with an idea. The device consisted of a gridded business card with sixteen squares and a system of symbols representing image alphabet of Dodgson's design, using letter shapes similar to say publicly Graffiti writing system on a Palm device.[71]
He also devised a number of games, including an early version of what these days is known as Scrabble. Devised sometime in 1878, he invented the "doublet" (see word ladder), a form of brain-teaser give it some thought is still popular today, changing one word into another unwelcoming altering one letter at a time, each successive change at all times resulting in a genuine word.[72] For instance, CAT is transformed into DOG by the following steps: CAT, COT, DOT, DOG.[29] It first appeared in the 29 March 1879 issue order Vanity Fair, with Carroll writing a weekly column for description magazine for two years; the final column dated 9 Apr 1881.[73] The games and puzzles of Lewis Carroll were interpretation subject of Martin Gardner's March 1960 Mathematical Games column connect Scientific American.
Other items include a rule for finding description day of the week for any date; a means progress to justifying right margins on a typewriter; a steering device plan a velociman (a type of tricycle); fairer elimination rules on line for tennis tournaments; a new sort of postal money order; rules for reckoning postage; rules for a win in betting; rules for dividing a number by various divisors; a cardboard excellent for the Senior Common Room at Christ Church which, held next to a glass, ensured the right amount of inebriant for the price paid; a double-sided adhesive strip to fix envelopes or mount things in books; a device for 1 a bedridden invalid to read from a book placed sideways; and at least two ciphers for cryptography.[29]
He also proposed surrogate systems of parliamentary representation. He proposed the so-called Dodgson's means, using the Condorcet method.[74] In 1884, he proposed a related representation system based on multi-member districts, each voter casting lone a single vote, quotas as minimum requirements to take way, and votes transferable by candidates through what is now alarmed Liquid democracy.[75]
Within the academic discipline of mathematics, Dodgson worked primarily in the fields of geometry, linear and matrix algebra, mathematical logic, and recreational mathematics, producing nearly a dozen books under his real name. Dodgson also developed new ideas top linear algebra (e.g., the first printed proof of the Rouché–Capelli theorem),[76][77] probability, and the study of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some of this work was not published until well after his death. His occupation as Mathematical Lecturer fatigued Christ Church gave him some financial security.[78]
His work expect the field of mathematical logic attracted renewed interest in say publicly late 20th century. Martin Gardner's book on logic machines other diagrams and William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication of the on top part of Dodgson's symbolic logic book have sparked a import tax of Dodgson's contributions to symbolic logic.[79][80][81] It is recognised think about it in his Symbolic Logic Part II, Dodgson introduced the Means of Trees, the earliest modern use of a truth tree.[82]
Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation[83] of Dodgson condensation, a method of evaluating determinants, led them to the alternating sign matrix conjecture, convey a theorem.
The discovery in the 1990s of added ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, in addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he had employed sophisticated mathematical ideas expose their creation.[84]
Dodgson wrote and received as many as 98,721 letters, according to a special letter register which he devised. Forbidden documented his advice about how to write more satisfying letters in a missive entitled "Eight or Nine Wise Words allow for Letter-Writing", published in 1890.[85]
Dodgson's existence remained little changed hegemony the last twenty years of his life, despite his healthy wealth and fame. He continued to teach at Christ Sanctuary until 1881 and remained in residence there until his end. Public appearances included attending the West End musical Alice drain liquid from Wonderland (the first major live production of his Alice books) at the Prince of Wales Theatre on 30 December 1886.[86] The two volumes of his last novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in 1889 and 1893, but the intricacy show consideration for this work was apparently not appreciated by contemporary readers; pipe achieved nothing like the success of the Alice books, wrestle disappointing reviews and sales of only 13,000 copies.[87][88]
The only destroy occasion on which he travelled abroad was a trip break into Russia in 1867 as an ecclesiastic, together with the Priest Henry Liddon. He recounts the travel in his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially published in 1935.[89] On his point in the right direction to Russia and back, he also saw different cities inspect Belgium, Germany, partitioned Poland and Lithuania, and France.
In his early sixties, Dodgson increasingly suffered from synovitis which eventually prevented him walking and sometimes left him bed-ridden for months.[90]
Dodgson spasm of pneumonia following influenza on 14 January 1898 at his sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", in Guildford in the county work at Surrey, just four days before the death of Henry Liddell. He was two weeks away from turning 66 years bracket. His funeral was held at the nearby St Mary's Church.[91] His body was buried at the Mount Cemetery in Guildford.[29]
He is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury, in its effusive glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, erected in 1935.[92]
A BBC documentary from 2015, The Secret World work for Lewis Carroll,[93] critically examined Dodgson's relationship with Alice Liddell viewpoint her sisters. It explored the possibility that Dodgson's rift rigging the Liddell family (and his temporary suspension from the college) might have been caused by improper relations with their line, including Alice. The research for the documentary found a "disturbing" full frontal nude of Alice's adolescent sister Lorina during filming,[94] and speculated on the "likelihood" of Dodgson taking the exposure. However, it was later revealed the timeline for this digging had more than met the eye. The photo currently exists in the archives of the Musée Cantini in Marseille, submit was attributed to Dodgson by a currently unknown hand.[95] Court case was subsequently revealed in early 2015 by the Carroll expert Edward Wakeling that the photo first appeared in the Decennary, when it was owned by Parisian photo collectors. The derivation of the photo's link to Dodgson could be questioned. Service was left to the Musée de Cantini. There was no link to Dodgson, and no link to the Liddell family.[96] This was not explained in the documentary. The documentary marvellous suspicions about Dodgson being a "repressed paedophile",[93] as one arrive at the interviewees, Will Self, put it. This aspect was leaked to The Telegraph a week in advance.[97] When reviewing representation documentary, papers sought to link the 19th-century Carroll with 21st-century sexual conduct revelations about recent paedophiles.[98] This attempted link could be considered an act of scapegoating inspired by the media's reactions to the UK's early 2010 Yewtree investigations. When crunchs about the documentary's conduct and research surfaced, The Times obtain The Telegraph reported it.[99][100]
The material in the documentary has build on under intense scrutiny by Carroll scholars, including those such brand Jenny Woolf and Edward Wakeling, who appeared in it. Writer claimed that she was not told of the use pale the alleged photo until editing of the documentary was underway.[101] Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight or nine wise words on film making" [1] appeared in March 2015 as part of rendering Lewis Carroll society newsletter Bandersnatch. Wakeling also echoed Woolf's assertions that he was not given time to talk about depiction alleged photo. Wakeling claimed, "The documentary knew I could justifiable [the photo] or not, but they chose to keep overcome from me as they anticipated my response." Wakeling further criticises in his paper the Cantini photo's authenticity, the BBC's thump to tell participants of the found photo, and several true to life errors.[96] Wakeling draws attention to the irregular "trimmed" nature appeal to the photo itself, and no trace of Dodgson's writing. Depiction inscription on the back of the photo, attributed "lewis Carroll" in pencil, "is an unknown hand... so it could maintain been written by anybody". The photo negative is also nonexistent the personal catalogue number that Dodgson meticulously catalogued his closeups under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to add a number undergo the back of any prints which he had developed". Wakeling also points out that Dodgson never made "full frontal studies...particularly a girl as mature as this.. There's no way description Liddells would have allowed a picture of this kind profit have been taken."[96] It is currently unknown whether this icon is by Dodgson, nor who wrote the pencil inscription carry out the back of it and for what reason. The ikon was not included in Wakeling's catalogue raisonné of Dodgson's sweet surviving photographs [102] and has remained unused by other following documentaries on Dodgson.[103]
The BBC Trust later ruled that the infotainment could not be shown on UK TV in its existing form again, as the BBC failed to tell participants nucleus the photo's appearance during filming or give them time be given fully react to it.[100][99]
Late twentieth-century biographers have speculated that Dodgson's interest in lineage might have had an "erotic" element, including Morton N. Cohen in his Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1995),[104]Donald Thomas in his Lewis Carroll: A Portrait with Background (1995), and Michael Bakewell in his Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1996).[citation needed] Cohen, suspend particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", nearby further writes:
We cannot know to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles's preference for drawing and photographing children amuse the nude. He contended the preference was entirely aesthetic. But given his emotional attachment to children as well as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms, his assertion that his attention was strictly artistic is naïve. He probably felt more already he dared acknowledge, even to himself.[105]
Cohen goes on undulation note that Dodgson "apparently convinced many of his friends defer his attachment to the nude female child form was consign of any eroticism", but adds that "later generations look low the surface" (p. 229). He argues that Dodgson may have desirable to marry the 11-year-old Alice Liddell and that this was the cause of the unexplained "break" with the family delete June 1863,[29]an event for which other explanations are offered. Biographers Derek Hudson and Roger Lancelyn Green stop short of identifying Dodgson as a paedophile (Green also edited Dodgson's diaries stomach papers), but they concur that he had a passion pray for small female children and next to no interest in description adult world.[citation needed] Catherine Robson refers to Carroll as "the Victorian era's most famous (or infamous) girl lover".[106] Media studies scholar Will Brooker points out that perception of Dodgson that way in the 20th century was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories. Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged perversion as a fallout of its time that outstayed its welcome culturally:
The psychoanalytical [Freudian] interpretations of the Alice books in the 1930s were a product of a specific moment and movement... The discourses that I traced in journalism and in some biographies, ditch Carroll was emotionally arrested, a repressed paedophile, an obsessive, stutter social reject... -- have more to do with our demote attitudes to childhood and celebrity than they do to description culture Carroll lived through.[107][108]
Several other writers and scholars put on challenged the evidential basis for Cohen's and others' views rough Dodgson's potential exploitative behaviour. Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to burning Dodgson's child photography within the "Victorian Child Cult", which sensed child nudity as essentially an expression of innocence.[110] He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained numerous entries that reveal an gratitude for adult women, as well as their appearance in deceit and theatre, even "vulgar" entertainment. Dodgson's nieces removed such references from early manuscripts of Dodgson's diaries, but kept references write to children, because such appreciation was not controversial at the disgust. Lebailly claims that studies of child nudes were mainstream last fashionable in Dodgson's time and that most photographers made them as a matter of course, including Oscar Gustave Rejlander view Julia Margaret Cameron. Lebailly continues that child nudes even comed on Victorian Christmas cards, implying a very different social pole aesthetic assessment of such material. Lebailly concludes that it has been an error of Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century eyes, and to have presented raise as some form of personal idiosyncrasy, when it was a response to a prevalent aesthetic and philosophical movement of interpretation time.[111][citation needed]
Karoline Leach's reappraisal of Dodgson focused in particular pull a fast one his controversial interest in nude children. She argues that rendering allegations of paedophilia rose initially from a misunderstanding of Priggish morals, as well as the mistaken idea – fostered alongside Dodgson's various biographers – that he had no interest access adult women. She termed the traditional image of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew attention to the large amounts precision evidence in his diaries and letters that he was additionally keenly interested in adult women, married and single, and enjoyed several relationships with them that would have been considered infamous by the social standards of his time. She also dismayed to the fact that many of those whom he described as "child-friends" were girls in their late teens and securely twenties.[112] She argues that suggestions of paedophilia emerged only haunt years after his death, when his well-meaning family had quelled all evidence of his relationships with women in an scuffle to preserve his reputation, thus giving a false impression obvious a man interested only in little girls. Similarly, Leach in turn to a 1932 biography by Langford Reed as the start of the dubious claim that many of Carroll's female friendships ended when the girls reached the age of 14.[113]
Dodgson esoteric been groomed for the ordained ministry in the Church ransack England from a very early age, and was expected term paper be ordained within four years of obtaining his master's order as a condition of his residency at Christ Church. Prohibited delayed the process for some time but was eventually decreed as a deacon on 22 December 1861, but when say publicly time came a year later to be ordained as a priest, Dodgson appealed to the dean for permission not shout approval proceed. This was against college rules and, initially, Dean Liddell told him that he would have to consult the college ruling body, which would almost certainly have resulted in his being expelled. For unknown reasons, Liddell changed his mind during the night and permitted him to remain at the college in tatter of the rules.[114] Dodgson never became a priest, unique amongst senior students of his time.
There is currently no decisive evidence about why Dodgson rejected the priesthood. Some have not obligatory that his stammer made him reluctant to take the theater because he was afraid of having to preach.[115] Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson describing difficulty in reading lessons and prayers rather than preaching in his own words.[116] However Dodgson plainspoken indeed preach in later life, even though not in priest's orders, so it seems unlikely that his impediment was a major factor affecting his choice. Wilson also points out avoid the Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, esoteric strong views against clergy going to the theatre, one get a hold Dodgson's great interests. He was interested in minority forms be totally convinced by Christianity (he was an admirer of F. D. Maurice) ground "alternative" religions (theosophy).[117] Dodgson became deeply troubled by an unexplained sense of sin and guilt at this time (the perfectly 1860s), and frequently expressed the view in his diaries ditch he was a "vile and worthless" sinner, unworthy of rendering priesthood, and this sense of sin and unworthiness may agreeably have informed his decision to abandon being ordained to representation priesthood.[118]
At least four complete volumes and around seven pages of text are missing from Dodgson's 13 diaries.[119] The bereavement of the volumes remains unexplained; the pages have been unconcerned by an unknown hand. Most scholars assume that the log material was removed by family members in the interests director preserving the family name, but this has not been proven.[120] Except for one page, material is missing from his diaries for the period between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).[121][122] During this period, Dodgson began experiencing giant mental and spiritual anguish and confessing to an overwhelming promontory of his own sin. This was also the period mean time when he composed his extensive love poetry, leading interest speculation that the poems were autobiographical.[123][124]
Many theories have been set aside forward to explain the missing material. A popular explanation insinuate one missing page (27 June 1863) is that it strength have been torn out to conceal a proposal of alliance on that day by Dodgson to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell. However, there has never been any evidence to suggest that, and a paper suggests evidence to the contrary which was discovered by Karoline Leach in the Dodgson family archive deceive 1996.[125][better source needed]
This paper is known as the "cut pages in diary" document. Carroll's nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques reports that he wrote it well after Carroll's death, based on information from his aunts, who destroyed two diary pages, including the one funding 27 June 1863. Jacques did not see the pages himself.[126] The summary for 27 June states that Mrs. Liddell be made aware Dodgson there was gossip circulating about him and the Liddell family's governess, as well as about his relationship with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell. The "break" with say publicly Liddell family that occurred soon after was presumably in comprehend to this gossip.[127][125] Without evidence, Leach suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the name of Alice Liddell's mother. What is deemed most crucial and surprising is the document seems to imply that Dodgson's break with the family was arrange connected with Alice at all. Until a primary source assignment discovered, the events of 27 June 1863 will remain regulate doubt; however, a 1930 letter from the younger Lorina Liddell to Alice may shed light on the matter. Reporting take in interview with an early Dodgson biographer, she wrote:
I aforesaid his manner became too affectionate to you as you grew older, and that mother spoke to him about it, put forward that offended him so he ceased coming to visit indelicate again – as one had to find some reason bring forward all intercourse ceasing . . . Mr. D used peak take you on his knee . . . I blunt not say that.[128]
In his diary from 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first episode of migraine with aura, describing very accurately the process of "moving fortifications" that are a manifestation of the aura stage of the syndrome.[129] There esteem no clear evidence to show whether this was his control experience of migraine per se or he previously had picture far more common form of migraine without aura, although representation latter seems most likely, given the fact that migraine outdo commonly develops in the teens or early adulthood. Another epileptic fit of migraine aura called Alice in Wonderland syndrome has antique named after Dodgson's book of the same name and untruthfulness titular character, because its manifestation can resemble the sudden size-changes in the book. It is also known as micropsia courier macropsia, a brain condition affecting the way that objects industry perceived by the mind. For example, an affected person may well look at a larger object such as a basketball innermost perceive it as having the size of a golf chunk. Some authors have suggested that Dodgson experienced this type allowance aura and used it as an inspiration in his labour, but there is no evidence that he did.[130][131]
Dodgson also challenging two attacks in which he lost consciousness. He was diagnosed by a Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, and Dr Stedman, squeeze they believed the attack and a consequent attack to tweak an "epileptiform" seizure (initially thought to be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind). Some have concluded from this that unquestionable had this condition for his entire life, but there commission no evidence of this in his diaries beyond the examination of the two attacks already mentioned.[129] Some authors, Sadi Ranson in particular, have suggested that Carroll had temporal lobe epilepsy in which consciousness is not always completely lost but castrated, and in which the symptoms mimic many of the hire experiences as Alice in Wonderland. Carroll had at least memory incident in which he suffered full loss of consciousness suggest awoke with a bloody nose, which he recorded in his diary and noted that the episode left him not jaundiced eye himself for "quite sometime afterward". This attack was diagnosed bit possibly "epileptiform", and Carroll himself later wrote of his "seizures" in the same diary.
Most of the standard diagnostic tests of today were not available in the nineteenth century. Yvonne Hart, consultant neurologist at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, advised Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, is that Dodgson very likely difficult to understand migraine and may have had epilepsy, but she emphasises think about it she would have considerable doubt about making a diagnosis a selection of epilepsy without further information.[132]
There are societies in many parts state under oath the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life.[133]
Copenhagen Street in Islington, north London is the location of the Lewis Carroll Lowranking Library.[134]
In 1982, his great-nephew unveiled a memorial stone to him in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey.[135] In January 1994, an starshaped, 6984 Lewiscarroll, was discovered and named after Carroll. The Jumper Carroll Centenary Wood near his birthplace in Daresbury opened careful 2000.[136]
As Carroll was born in All Saints' Vicarage, he appreciation commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury by stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The Lewis Author Centre, attached to the church, was opened in March 2012.[137]