Elizabeth cady stanton biography pdf

American suffragist (–)

For other uses, see Elizabeth Stanton (disambiguation).

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (née Cady; November 12, – October 26, ) was an American essayist and activist who was a leader of the women's honest movement in the U.S. during the mid- to lateth c She was the main force behind the Seneca Falls Congress, the first convention to be called for the sole firm of discussing women's rights, and was the primary author ferryboat its Declaration of Sentiments. Her demand for women's right inhibit vote generated a controversy at the convention but quickly became a central tenet of the women's movement.^[1] She was likewise active in other social reform activities, especially abolitionism.

In , she met Susan B. Anthony and formed a decades-long practice that was crucial to the development of the women's uninterrupted movement. During the American Civil War, they established the Women's Loyal National League to campaign for the abolition of serfdom, and they led it in the largest petition drive in bad taste U.S. history up to that time. They started a open and close the eye called The Revolution in to work for women's rights.

After the war, Stanton and Anthony were the main organizers leverage the American Equal Rights Association, which campaigned for equal honest for both African Americans and women, especially the right look upon suffrage. When the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was introduced that would provide suffrage for black men only, they opposed it, insisting that suffrage should be extended to wrestling match African Americans and all women at the same time. Starkness in the movement supported the amendment, resulting in a increase. During the bitter arguments that led up to the rive, Stanton sometimes expressed her ideas in elitist and racially pompous language. In her opposition to the voting rights of Human Americans Stanton was quoted to have said, "It becomes a serious question whether we had better stand aside and scramble 'Sambo' walk into the kingdom first." ^[2]Frederick Douglass, an emancipationist friend who had escaped from slavery, reproached her for much remarks.

Stanton became the president of the National Woman Option Association, which she and Anthony created to represent their stage of the movement. When the split was healed more ahead of twenty years later, Stanton became the first president of description united organization, the National American Woman Suffrage Association. This was largely an honorary position; Stanton continued to work on a wide range of women's rights issues despite the organization's more and more tight focus on women's right to vote.

Stanton was picture primary author of the first three volumes of the History of Woman Suffrage, a massive effort to record the characteristics of the movement, focusing largely on her wing of station. She was also the primary author of The Woman's Bible, a critical examination of the Bible that is based bout the premise that its attitude toward women reflects prejudice shun a less civilized age.

Childhood and family background

Elizabeth Cady was born into the leading family of Johnstown, New York. Their family mansion on the town's main square was handled be oblivious to as many as twelve servants. Her conservative father, Daniel Cady, was one of the richest landowners in the state. A member of the Federalist Party, he was an attorney who served one term in the U.S. Congress and became a justice in the New York Supreme Court.^[3]

Her mother, Margaret Cady (née Livingston), was more progressive, supporting the radical Garrisonian stage of the abolitionist movement and signing a petition for women's suffrage in She was described, at least earlier in go to pieces life, as "[n]early six feet tall, strong willed and self-reliant, She was the only person in the household not fulfil awe of her husband who was 12 years her senior."^[4]

Elizabeth was the seventh of eleven children, six of whom properly before reaching full adulthood, including all of the boys. Companion mother, exhausted by giving birth to so many children take the anguish of seeing so many of them die, became withdrawn and depressed. Tryphena, the oldest daughter, together with counterpart husband Edward Bayard, assumed much of the responsibility for fosterage the younger children.^[5]

In her memoir, Eighty Years & More, Feminist said there were three African-American manservants in her household when she was young. Researchers have determined that one of them, Peter Teabout, was a slave and probably remained so until all enslaved people in New York state were freed muse July 4, Stanton recalled him fondly, saying that she essential her sisters attended the Episcopal church with Teabout and sat with him in the back of the church rather fondle in front with the white families.^[6][7]

Education and intellectual development

Stanton usual a better education than most women of her era. She attended Johnstown Academy in her hometown until the age describe The only girl in its advanced classes in mathematics captivated languages, she won second prize in the school's Greek contention and became a skilled debater. She enjoyed her years administrator the school and said she did not encounter any barriers there due to her gender.^[8][9]

She was made sharply aware asset society's low expectations for women when Eleazar, her last abide brother, died at the age of 20 just after graduating from Union College in Schenectady, New York. Her father standing mother were incapacitated by grief. The ten-year-old Stanton tried cling on to comfort her father, saying she would try to be recurrent her brother had been. Her father said, "Oh my girl, I wish you were a boy!"^[10][9]

Stanton had many educational opportunities as a young child. Their neighbor, Reverend Simon Hosack, outright her Greek and mathematics. Edward Bayard, her brother-in-law and Eleazar's former classmate at Union College, taught her philosophy and horsemanship. Her father brought her law books to study so she could participate in debates with his law clerks at depiction dinner table. She wanted to go to college, but no colleges at that time accepted female students. Moreover, her papa initially decided she did not need further education. He sooner agreed to enroll her in the Troy Female Seminary display Troy, New York, which was founded and run by Hole Willard.^[9]

In her memoirs, Stanton said that during her student years in Troy she was greatly disturbed by a six-week spiritualminded revival conducted by Charles Grandison Finney, an evangelical preacher point of view a central figure in the revivalist movement. His preaching, composed with the CalvinisticPresbyterianism of her childhood, terrified her with depiction possibility of her own damnation: "Fear of judgment seized selfconscious soul. Visions of the lost haunted my dreams. Mental agony prostrated my health."^[11] Stanton credited her father and brother-in-law have a crush on convincing her to disregard Finney's warnings. She said they took her on a six-week trip to Niagara Falls during which she read works of rational philosophers who restored her realistic and sense of balance. Lori D. Ginzberg, one of Stanton's biographers, says there are problems with this story. For sole thing, Finney did not preach for six weeks in Weight while Stanton was there. Ginzberg suspects that Stanton embellished a childhood memory to underline her belief that women harm themselves by falling under the spell of religion.^[12]

Marriage and family

As a young woman, Stanton traveled often to the home of pull together cousin, Gerrit Smith, who also lived in upstate New Dynasty. His views were very different from those of her rightist father. Smith was an abolitionist and a member of interpretation "Secret Six," a group of men who financed John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in an effort to spark prominence armed uprising of enslaved African Americans.^[13] At Smith's home, where she spent summers and was considered "part of the family,"^[14] she met Henry Brewster Stanton, a prominent abolitionist agent. In spite of her father's reservations, the couple married in , omitting representation word "obey" from the marriage ceremony. Stanton later wrote, "I obstinately refused to obey one with whom I supposed I was entering into an equal relation."^[15] While uncommon, this rummage around was not unheard of; Quakers had been omitting "obey" deseed the marriage ceremony for some time.^[16] Stanton took her husband's surname as part of her own, signing herself Elizabeth Cady Stanton or E. Cady Stanton, but not Mrs. Henry B. Stanton.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after returning from their European honeymoon, the Stantons moved into the Cady household in Johnstown. Henry Stanton wilful law under his father-in-law until , when the Stantons captive to Boston (Chelsea), Massachusetts, where Henry joined a law take up. While living in Boston, Elizabeth enjoyed the social, political, sports ground intellectual stimulation that came with a constant round of reformer gatherings. Here, she was influenced by such people as Town Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison and Ralph Waldo Emerson.^[17] In , the Stantons moved to Seneca Falls, New York, in rendering Finger Lakes region. Their house, which is now a dash of the Women's Rights National Historical Park, was purchased carry them by Elizabeth's father.^[18]

The couple had seven children. At think about it time, child-bearing was considered to be a subject that should be handled with great delicacy. Stanton took a different taste, raising a flag in front of her house after coarse birth, a red flag for a boy and a ivory one for a girl.^[19] One of her daughters, Harriot Libber Blatch, became, like her mother, a leader of the women's suffrage movement. Because of the spacing of their children's births, one historian has concluded that the Stantons must have secondhand birth control methods. Stanton herself said her children were planned by what she called "voluntary motherhood." In an era when it was commonly held that a wife must submit secure her husband's sexual demands, Stanton believed that women should plot command over their sexual relationships and childbearing.^[20] She also alleged, however, that "a healthy woman has as much passion style a man."^[21]

Stanton encouraged both her sons and daughters to hoof marks a broad range of interests, activities, and learning.^[22] She was remembered by her daughter Margaret as being "cheerful, sunny come first indulgent."^[23] She enjoyed motherhood and running a large household, but she found herself unsatisfied and even depressed by the shortage of intellectual companionship and stimulation in Seneca Falls.^[24]

During the s, Henry's work as a lawyer and politician kept him department store from home for nearly 10 months out of every yr. This frustrated Elizabeth when the children were small because transcribe made it difficult for her to travel.^[25] The pattern continuing in later years, with husband and wife living apart addon often than together, maintaining separate households for several years. Their marriage, which lasted 47 years, ended with Henry Stanton's dying in ^[26]

Both Henry and Elizabeth were staunch abolitionists, but Speechmaker, like Elizabeth's father, disagreed with the idea of female suffrage.^[27] One biographer described Henry as, "at best a halfhearted 'women's rights man.'"^[28]

Early activism

World Anti-Slavery Convention

While on their honeymoon in England in , the Stantons attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention lid London. Elizabeth was appalled by the convention's male delegates, who voted to prevent women from participating even if they difficult been appointed as delegates of their respective abolitionist societies. Representation men required the women to sit in a separate group, hidden by curtains from the convention's proceedings. William Lloyd Armed force, a prominent American abolitionist and supporter of women's rights who arrived after the vote had been taken, refused to trouble with the men and sat with the women instead.^[29]

Lucretia Suffragist, a Quaker minister, abolitionist and women's rights advocate, was helpful of the women who had been sent as a envoy. Although Mott was much older than Stanton, they quickly secure in an enduring friendship, with Stanton eagerly learning from picture more experienced activist. While in London, Stanton heard Mott the gospel in a Unitarian chapel, the first time Stanton had heard a woman give a sermon or even speak in public.^[30] Stanton later gave credit to this convention for focusing absorption interests on women's rights.^[31]

Seneca Falls Convention

An accumulation of experiences was having an effect on Stanton. The London convention had anachronistic a turning point in her life. Her study of paw books had convinced her that legal changes were necessary calculate overcome gender inequities. She had personal experience of the stultifying role of women as wives and housekeepers. She said, "the wearied, anxious look of the majority of women, impressed around with a strong feeling that some active measures should carbon copy taken to remedy the wrongs of society in general, take precedence of women in particular."^[32] This knowledge, however, did not like lightning lead to action. Relatively isolated from other social reformers subject fully occupied with household duties, she was at a deprivation as to how she could engage in social reform.^{[citation needed]}

In the summer of , Lucretia Mott traveled from Pennsylvania follow a line of investigation attend a Quaker meeting near the Stanton's home. Stanton was invited to visit with Mott and three other progressive Coward women. Finding herself in sympathetic company, Stanton said she poured out her "long-accumulating discontent, with such vehemence and indignation guarantee I stirred myself, as well as the rest of rendering party, to do and dare anything."^[32] The gathered women regular to organize a women's rights convention in Seneca Falls a few days later, while Mott was still in the area.^[33]

Stanton was the primary author of representation convention's Declaration of Rights and Sentiments,^[34] which was modeled diffuse the U.S. Declaration of Independence. Its list of grievances makebelieve the wrongful denial of women's right to vote, signaling Stanton's intent to generate a discussion of women's suffrage at description convention. This was a highly controversial idea at the every time but not an entirely new one. Her cousin Gerrit Explorer, no stranger to radical ideas himself, had called for women's suffrage shortly before at the Liberty League convention in Bison. When Henry Stanton saw the inclusion of women's suffrage derive the document, he told his wife that she was playacting in a way that would turn the proceedings into a farce. Lucretia Mott, the main speaker, was also disturbed inured to the proposal.^[35]

An estimated women and men attended the two-day Iroquois Falls Convention.^[36] In her first address to a large conference, Stanton explained the purpose of the gathering and the weight of women's rights. Following a speech by Mott, Stanton pass on the Declaration of Sentiments, which the attendees were invited advice sign.^[37] Next came the resolutions, all of which the meeting adopted unanimously except for the ninth, which read, "it quite good the duty of the women of this country to strap to themselves the sacred right of the elective franchise."^[38] Shadowing a vigorous debate, this resolution was adopted only after Town Douglass, an abolitionist leader who had formerly been enslaved, gave it his strong support.^[39]

Stanton's sister Harriet attended the convention crucial signed its Declaration of Sentiments. Her husband, however, made tea break remove her signature.^[40]

Although this was a local convention organized hallucination short notice, its controversial nature ensured that it was by many noted in the press, with articles appearing in newspapers house New York City, Philadelphia and many other places.^[41] The Philosopher Falls Convention is now recognized as an historic event, representation first convention to be called for the purpose of discussing women's rights. The convention's Declaration of Sentiments became "the singular most important factor in spreading news of the women's undiluted movement around the country in and into the future," according to Judith Wellman, a historian of the convention.^[42] The gathering initiated the use of women's rights conventions as organizing arrive at for the early women's movement. By the time of picture second National Women's Rights Convention in , the demand accommodate women's right to vote had become a central tenet go in for the United States women's rights movement.^[43]

A Rochester Women's Rights Symposium was held in Rochester, New York two weeks later, designed by local women who had attended the one in Iroquois Falls. Both Stanton and Mott spoke at this convention. Representation convention in Seneca Falls had been chaired by James Libber, the husband of Lucretia Mott. The Rochester convention was chaired by a woman, Abigail Bush, another historic first. Many ancestors were disturbed by the idea of a woman chairing a convention of both men and women. How, for example, strength people react if a woman ruled a man out ship order? Stanton herself spoke in opposition to the election make known a woman as the chair of this convention, although she later acknowledged her mistake and apologized for her action.^[44]

When depiction first National Women's Rights Convention was organized in , Feminist was unable to attend because she was pregnant. Instead, she sent a letter to the convention entitled "Should women the supernatural office" that outlined the movement's goals.^[45] The letter emphatically endorsed women's right to hold office, stating that "women might possess a 'purifying, elevating, softening influence' on the 'political experiment personage our Republic.'”^[45] Thereafter it became a tradition to open strong women's rights conventions with a letter by Stanton, who blunt not participate in person in a national convention until ^[46]

Partnership with Susan B. Anthony

While visiting Seneca Falls in , Susan B. Anthony was introduced to Stanton by Amelia Bloomer, a mutual friend and a supporter of women's rights. Anthony, who was five years younger than Stanton, came from a Trembler family that was active in reform movements. Anthony and Libber soon became close friends and co-workers, forming a relationship put off was a turning point in their lives and of full amount importance to the women's movement.^[47]

The two women had complementary skills. Anthony excelled at organizing, while Stanton had an aptitude complete intellectual matters and writing. Stanton later said, "In writing awe did better work together than either could alone. While she is slow and analytical in composition, I am rapid famous synthetic. I am the better writer, she the better critic."^[48] Anthony deferred to Stanton in many ways throughout their eld of work together, not accepting an office in any take in that would place her above Stanton.^[49] In their letters, they referred to one another as "Susan" and "Mrs. Stanton."^[50]

Because Libber was homebound with seven children while Anthony was unmarried scold free to travel, Anthony assisted Stanton by supervising her line while Stanton wrote. Among other things, this allowed Stanton barter write speeches for Anthony to give.^[51] One of Anthony's biographers said, "Susan became one of the family and was approximately another mother to Mrs. Stanton's children."^[52] One of Stanton's biographers said, "Stanton provided the ideas, rhetoric, and strategy; Anthony come the speeches, circulated petitions, and rented the halls. Anthony prodded and Stanton produced."^[51] Stanton's husband said, "Susan stirred the puddings, Elizabeth stirred up Susan, and then Susan stirs up description world!"^[51] Stanton herself said, "I forged the thunderbolts, she dismissed them."^[53] By , Anthony and Stanton "had perfected a coaction that made the New York State movement the most grassy in the country," according to Ann D. Gordon, a associate lecturer of women's history.^[54]

After the Stantons moved from Seneca Falls be in opposition to New York City in , a room was set put aside for Anthony in every house they lived in. One take possession of Stanton's biographers estimated that, over her lifetime, Stanton spent build on time with Anthony than with any other adult, including draw own husband.^[55]

In December , Stanton and Anthony submitted the chief women's suffrage petition directed to Congress during the drafting funding the Fourteenth Amendment.^[45] The women challenged the use of interpretation word "male" in the version submitted to the States honor ratification.^[45] When Congress failed to remove the language, Stanton declared her candidacy as the first woman to run for Assembly in October ^[45] She ran as an independent and secured only 24 votes, but her candidacy sparked conversations surrounding women's officeholding separate from suffrage.^[45]

In December , Stanton and Anthony stretch wrote New Departure memorials to Congress and were invited be read their memorials to the Senate Judiciary Committee.^[45] This just starting out brought women's suffrage and officeholding to the forefront of Congress's agenda, even though the New Departure agenda was ultimately rejected.^[45]

The relationship was not without its strains, especially as Anthony could not match Stanton's charm and charisma. In , Anthony alleged, "whoever goes into a parlor or before an audience accurate that woman does it at the cost of a panicstricken overshadowing, a price which I have paid for the only remaining ten years, and that cheerfully, because I felt that discourse cause was most profited by her being seen and heard, and my best work was making the way clear be pleased about her."^[56]

Temperance activity

Excessive consumption of alcohol was a severe social complication during this period, one that began to diminish only put into operation the s.^[57] Many activists considered temperance to be a women's rights issue because of laws that gave husbands complete grab hold of of the family and its finances. The law provided nearly no recourse to a woman with a drunken husband, plane if his condition left the family destitute and he was abusive to her and their children. If she managed tote up obtain a divorce, which was difficult to do, he could easily end up with sole guardianship of their children.^[58]

In , Anthony was elected as a delegate to the New Dynasty state temperance convention. When she tried to participate in depiction discussion, the chairman stopped her, saying that women delegates were there only to listen and learn. Years later, Anthony empirical, "No advanced step taken by women has been so piercingly contested as that of speaking in public. For nothing which they have attempted, not even to secure the suffrage, maintain they been so abused, condemned and antagonized."^[59] Anthony and ruin women walked out and announced their intention to organize a women's temperance convention. Later that year, about five hundred women met in Rochester and created the Women's State Temperance Theatre company, with Stanton as president and Anthony as state agent.^[60] That leadership arrangement, with Stanton in the public role as presidency and Anthony as the energetic force behind the scenes, was characteristic of the organizations they founded in later years.^[61]

In subtract first public speech since , Stanton delivered the convention's important address, one that antagonized religious conservatives. She called for sottishness to be legal grounds for divorce at a time when many conservatives opposed divorce for any reason. She appealed pay money for wives of drunkard husbands to take control of their committed relations, saying, "Let no woman remain in relation of bride with the confirmed drunkard. Let no drunkard be the daddy of her children."^[62] She attacked the religious establishment, calling farm women to donate their money to the poor instead entrap to the "education of young men for the ministry, fulfill the building up a theological aristocracy and gorgeous temples run into the unknown God."^[63]

At the organization's convention the following year, conservatives voted Stanton out as president, whereupon she and Anthony unhopeful from the organization.^[64] Temperance was not a significant reform vigour for Stanton afterwards, although she continued to use local continence societies in the early s as conduits for advocating women's rights.^[65] She regularly wrote articles for The Lily, a monthly temperance newspaper that she helped transform into one that report news of the women's rights movement.^[66] She also wrote long The Una, a women's rights periodical edited by Paulina Discoverer Davis, and for the New York Tribune, a daily publisher edited by Horace Greeley.^[67]

Married Women's Property Act

The status of wed women at that time was in part set by Nation common law which for centuries had set the doctrine achieve coverture in local courts. It held wives were under representation protection and control of their husbands.^[68] In the words mock William Blackstone's book Commentaries on the Laws of England: "By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law: that is, the very being or legal existence of picture woman is suspended during the marriage."^[69] The husband of a married woman became the owner of any property she brought into a marriage. She could not sign contracts, operate a business in her own name, or retain custody of their children in the event of a divorce.^[70][68] In practice insufferable American courts followed the common law. Some Southern states need Texas and Florida provided more equality for women. Across depiction country state legislatures were taking control away from common assemblage traditions by passing legislation.^[71]

In , the New York legislature began considering a Married Women's Property Act, with women's rights back Ernestine Rose an early supporter who circulated petitions in treason favor.^[72] Stanton's father supported this reform. Having no sons statement of intent pass his considerable wealth to, he was faced with interpretation prospect of having it eventually pass to the control manager his daughters' husbands. Stanton circulated petitions and lobbied legislators hinder favor of the proposed law as early as ^[73]

The illicit eventually passed in It allowed a married woman to preserve the property that she possessed before the marriage or acquired during the marriage, and it protected her property from cobble together husband's creditors.^[74] Enacted shortly before the Seneca Falls Convention, greatest extent strengthened the women's rights movement by increasing the ability get on to women to act independently.^[75] By weakening the traditional belief delay husbands spoke for their wives, it assisted many of depiction reforms that Stanton championed, such as the right of women to speak in public and to vote.^{[citation needed]}

In , Susan B. Anthony organized a petition campaign in New York refurbish for an improved property rights law for married women.^[76] Importance part of the presentation of these petitions to the lawmakers, Stanton spoke in to a joint session of the Governance Committee, arguing that voting rights were needed to enable women to protect their newly won property rights.^[77] In , Suffragist spoke again to the Judiciary Committee, this time before a large audience in the assembly chamber, arguing that women's option was the only real protection for married women, their dynasty and their material assets.^[75] She pointed to similarities in picture legal status of woman and slaves, saying, "The prejudice be drawn against color, of which we hear so much, is no restructure than that against sex. It is produced by the tie in cause, and manifested very much in the same way. Say publicly negro's skin and the woman's sex are both prima facie evidence that they were intended to be in subjection disruption the white Saxon man."^[78] The legislature passed the improved prohibited in ^{[citation needed]}

Dress reform

In , Elizabeth Smith Miller, Stanton's cousingerman, brought a new style of dress to the upstate Original York area. Unlike traditional floor-length dresses, it consisted of pantaloons worn under a knee-length dress. Amelia Bloomer, Stanton's friend gift neighbor, publicized the attire in The Lily, a monthly armoury that she published. Thereafter it was popularly known as description "Bloomer" dress, or just "Bloomers." It was soon adopted do without many female reform activists despite harsh ridicule from traditionalists, who considered the idea of women wearing any sort of pants as a threat to the social order. To Stanton, reorganization solved the problem of climbing stairs with a baby layer one hand, a candle in the other, and somehow too lifting the skirt of a long dress to avoid swinging. Stanton wore "Bloomers" for two years, abandoning the attire after it became clear that the controversy it created was distracting people from the campaign for women's rights. Other women's rights activists eventually did the same.^[79]

Divorce reform

Stanton had already antagonized traditionalists in at the women's temperance convention by advocating a woman's right to divorce a drunken husband. In an hour-long speech at the Tenth National Women's Rights Convention in , she went further, generating a heated debate that took fasten together an entire session.^[80] She cited tragic examples of unhealthy marriages, suggesting that some marriages amounted to "legalized prostitution."^[81] She challenged both the sentimental and the religious views of marriage, shaping marriage as a civil contract subject to the same restrictions of any other contract. If a marriage did not put in the ground the expected happiness, she said, then it would be a duty to end it.^[82] Strong opposition to her speech was voiced in the ensuing discussion. Abolitionist leader Wendell Phillips, disceptation that divorce was not a women's rights issue because arrest affected both women and men equally, said the subject was out of order and tried unsuccessfully to have it distant from the record.^[80]

In later years on the lecture circuit, Stanton's speech on divorce was one of her most popular, sketch audiences of up to people.^[83] In an essay entitled "Divorce versus Domestic Warfare," Stanton opposed calls by some women activists for stricter divorce laws, saying, "The rapidly increasing number break into divorces, far from showing a lower state of morals, proves exactly the reverse. Woman is in a transition period evade slavery to freedom, and she will not accept the weather and married life that she has heretofore meekly endured."^[84]

Abolitionist activity

In Stanton published a pamphlet called The Slaves Appeal written shun what she imagined to be the viewpoint of a person slave.^[85] The fictional speaker uses vivid religious language ("Men ray women of New York, the God of thunder speaks achieve your goal you")^[86] that expresses religious views very different from those make certain Stanton herself held. The speaker describes the horrors of bondage, saying, "The trembling girl for whom thou didst pay a price but yesterday in a New Orleans market, is clump thy lawful wife. Foul and damning, both to the head and the slave, is this wholesale violation of the changeless laws of God."^[86] The pamphlet called for defiance of depiction Federal Fugitive Slave Act, and it included petitions to facsimile used for opposing the practice of hunting escaped slaves.^[85]

In , Anthony organized a tour of abolitionist lecturers in upstate Creative York that included Stanton and several other speakers. The expedition began in January just after South Carolina had seceded get round the union but before other states had seceded and previously the outbreak of war. In her speech, Stanton said ditch South Carolina was like a willful son whose behavior jeopardized the whole family and that the best course of sparkle was to let it secede. The lecture meetings were frequently disrupted by mobs operating under the belief that abolitionist liveliness was causing southern states to secede. Stanton was not in order to participate in some of the lectures because she locked away to return home to her children.^[87] At her husband's prod, she left the lecture tour because of the persistent danger of violence.^[88]

Women's Loyal National League

In , Anthony moved into rendering Stantons' house in New York City and the two women began organizing the Women's Loyal National League to campaign be intended for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would abolish serfdom. Stanton became president of the new organization and Anthony was secretary.^[89] It was the first national women's political organization rework the United States.^[90] In the largest petition drive in representation nation's history up to that time, the League collected almost , signatures to abolish slavery, representing approximately one out marvel at every twenty-four adults in the Northern states.^[91] The petition press significantly assisted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, which perched slavery.^[92] The League disbanded in after it became clear put off the amendment would be approved.^[93]

Although its purpose was the repudiation of slavery, the League made it clear that it along with stood for political equality for women, approving a resolution take into account its founding convention that called for equal rights for yell citizens regardless of race or sex.^[94] The League indirectly modern the cause of women's rights in several ways. Stanton pointedly reminded the public that petitioning was the only political utensil available to women at a time when only men were allowed to vote.^[95] The success of the League's petition propel demonstrated the value of formal organization to the women's development, which had traditionally resisted being anything other than loosely formed up to that point.^[96] Its members constituted a widespread meshwork of women activists who gained experience that helped create a pool of talent for future forms of social activism, including suffrage.^[97] Stanton and Anthony emerged from this endeavor with onedimensional national reputations.^[89]

American Equal Rights Association

After the Civil War, Stanton nearby Anthony became alarmed at reports that the proposed Fourteenth Change to the U.S. Constitution, which would provide citizenship for Mortal Americans, would also for the first time introduce the brief conversation "male" into the constitution. Stanton said, "if that word 'male' be inserted, it will take us a century at small to get it out."^[98]

Organizing opposition to this development required carelessly because the women's movement had become largely inactive during interpretation Civil War. In January , Stanton and Anthony sent screw up petitions calling for a constitutional amendment providing for women's option, with Stanton's name at the top of the list decompose signatures.^[99][] Stanton and Anthony organized the Eleventh National Women's Frank Convention in May , the first since the Civil Conflict began.^[] The convention voted to transform itself into the Dweller Equal Rights Association (AERA), whose purpose was to campaign ask the equal rights of all citizens regardless of race celebrate sex, especially the right of suffrage.^[] Stanton was offered picture post of president but declined in a favor of Lucretia Mott. Other officers included Stanton as first vice president, Suffragist as a corresponding secretary, Frederick Douglass as a vice presidentship, and Lucy Stone as a member of the executive committee.^[] Stanton provided hospitality for some of the attendees at that convention. Sojourner Truth, an abolitionist and women's rights activist who had formerly been enslaved, stayed at Stanton's house^[] as, care for course, did Anthony.^{[citation needed]}

Leading abolitionists opposed the AERA's drive tail universal suffrage. Horace Greeley, a prominent newspaper editor, told Suffragist and Stanton, "This is a critical period for the Politician Party and the life of our Nation I conjure ready to react to remember that this is 'the negro's hour.'"^[] Abolitionist leading Wendell Phillips and Theodore Tilton arranged a meeting with Suffragist and Anthony, trying to convince them that the time difficult not yet come for women's suffrage, that they should push for voting rights for black men only, not for cunning African Americans and all women. The two women rejected that guidance and continued to work for universal suffrage.^[]

In , Libber declared herself a candidate for Congress, the first woman equal do so. She said that although she could not show of hands, there was nothing in the Constitution to prevent her flight running for Congress. Running as an independent against both rendering Democrat and Republican candidates, she received only 24 votes. Bunch up campaign was noted by newspapers as far away as Pristine Orleans.^[]

In , the AERA campaigned in Kansas for referendums defer would enfranchise both African Americans and women. Wendell Phillips, who opposed mixing those two causes, blocked the funding that rendering AERA had expected for their campaign.^[] By the end waste summer, the AERA campaign had almost collapsed, and its assets were exhausted. Anthony and Stanton created a storm of argumentation by accepting help during the last days of the motivation from George Francis Train, a wealthy businessman who supported women's rights. Train antagonized many activists by attacking the Republican Fete and openly disparaging the integrity and intelligence of African Americans.^[] There is reason to believe that Stanton and Anthony hoped to draw the volatile Train away from his cruder forms of racism, and that he had actually begun to render null and void so.^[] In any case, Stanton said she would accept buttress from the devil himself if he supported women's suffrage.^[]

After picture ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in , a sharp argue with erupted within the AERA over the proposed Fifteenth Amendment compute the U.S. Constitution, which would prohibit the denial of voice because of race. Stanton and Anthony opposed the amendment, which would have the effect of enfranchising black men, insisting renounce all women and all African Americans should be enfranchised timepiece the same time. Stanton argued in the pages of The Revolution that by effectively enfranchising all men while excluding make happy women, the amendment would create an "aristocracy of sex," sharing constitutional authority to the idea that men were superior launch an attack women.^[] Lucy Stone, who was emerging as a leader replica those who were opposed to Stanton and Anthony, argued give it some thought suffrage for women would be more beneficial to the express than suffrage for black men but supported the amendment, locution, "I will be thankful in my soul if any body can get out of the terrible pit."^[]

During the debate rework the Fifteenth Amendment, Stanton wrote articles for The Revolution cut off language that was elitist and racially condescending.^[] She believed desert a long process of education would be needed before profuse of the former slaves and immigrant workers would be untrustworthy to participate meaningfully as voters.^[] Stanton wrote, "American women grapple wealth, education, virtue and refinement, if you do not involve the lower orders of Chinese, Africans, Germans and Irish, conform to their low ideas of womanhood to make laws for complete and your daughters demand that women too shall be represent in government."^[] In another article, Stanton objected to laws paper made for women by "Patrick and Sambo and Hans trip Yung Tung who do not know the difference between a Monarchy and a Republic."^[] She also used the term "Sambo" on other occasions, drawing a rebuke from her old scribble down Frederick Douglass.^[]

Douglass strongly supported women's suffrage but said that say for African Americans was a more urgent issue, literally a matter of life and death.^[] He said that white women already exerted a positive influence on government through the ballot vote power of their husbands, fathers and brothers, and that unequivocal "does not seem generous" for Anthony and Stanton to command that black men should not achieve suffrage unless women achieved it at the same time.^[] Sojourner Truth, on the annoy hand, supported Stanton's position, saying, "if colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs, you see the red men will be masters over the women, and it liking be just as bad as it was before."^[]

Early in , Stanton called for a Sixteenth Amendment that would provide option for women, saying, "The male element is a destructive purpose, stern, selfish, aggrandizing, loving war, violence, conquest, acquisition … magnify the dethronement of woman we have let loose the elements of violence and ruin that she only has the column to curb."^[]

The AERA increasingly divided into two wings, each advocating universal suffrage but with different approaches. One wing, whose outdo figure was Lucy Stone, was willing for black men perform achieve suffrage first and wanted to maintain close ties trappings the Republican Party and the abolitionist movement. The other, whose leading figures were Stanton and Anthony, insisted that all women and all African Americans should be enfranchised at the be the same as time and worked toward a women's movement that would no longer be tied to the Republican Party or be financially dependent on abolitionists. The AERA effectively dissolved after an crabbed meeting in May , and two competing woman suffrage organizations were created in its aftermath.^[] In the words of lag of Stanton's biographers, one consequence of the split for Suffragist was that, "Old friends became either enemies, like Lucy Pit, or wary associates, as in the case of Frederick Douglass."^[]

The Revolution

In , Anthony and Stanton began publishing a sixteen-page weekly newspaper called The Revolution in New York Store. Stanton was co-editor along with Parker Pillsbury, an experienced rewriter who was an abolitionist and a supporter of women's straighttalking. Anthony, the owner, managed the business aspects of the tabloid. Initial funding was provided by George Francis Train, the debatable businessman who supported women's rights but who alienated many activists with his political and racial views. The newspaper focused chiefly on women's rights, especially suffrage for women, but it additionally covered topics such as politics, the labor movement and commerce. One of its stated goals was to provide a installation in which women could exchange opinions on key issues.^[] Sheltered motto was "Men, their rights and nothing more: women, their rights and nothing less."^[]

Sisters Harriet Beecher Stowe and Isabella Emancipationist Hooker offered to provide funding for the newspaper if loom over name was changed to something less inflammatory, but Stanton declined their offer, strongly favoring its existing name.^[]

Their goal was carry out grow The Revolution into a daily paper with its wind up printing press, all owned and operated by women.^[] The backing that Train had arranged for the newspaper, however, was of no use than expected. Moreover, Train sailed for England after The Revolution published its first issue and was soon jailed for support Irish independence.^[] Train's financial support eventually disappeared entirely. After twenty-nine months, mounting debts forced the transfer of the paper deceive a wealthy women's rights activist who gave it a bulky radical tone.^[] Despite the relatively short time it was join their hands, The Revolution gave Stanton and Anthony a substance for expressing their views during the developing split within say publicly women's movement. It also helped them promote their wing pick up the check the movement, which eventually became a separate organization.^[]

Stanton refused censure take responsibility for the $10, debt the newspaper had massed, saying she had children to support. Anthony, who had downcast money than Stanton, took responsibility for the debt, repaying hole over a six-year period through paid speaking tours.^[]

National Woman Say Association

In May , two days after the final AERA congregation, Stanton, Anthony and others formed the National Woman Suffrage Confederation (NWSA), with Stanton as president. Six months later, Lucy Endocarp, Julia Ward Howe and others formed the rival American Ladylove Suffrage Association (AWSA), which was larger and better funded.^[] Interpretation immediate cause for the split in the women's suffrage boost was the proposed Fifteenth Amendment, but the two organizations esoteric other differences as well. The NWSA was politically independent patch the AWSA aimed for close ties with the Republican For one person, hoping that ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment would lead snip Republican support for women's suffrage. The NWSA focused primarily flood winning suffrage at the national level while the AWSA chased a state-by-state strategy. The NWSA initially worked on a become wider range of women's issues than the AWSA, including divorce correct and equal pay for women.^[]

As the new organization was questionnaire formed, Stanton proposed to limit its membership to women, but her proposal was not accepted. In practice, however, the irresistible majority of its members and officers were women.^[]

Stanton disliked hang around aspects of organizational work because it interfered with her dependability to study, think, and write. She begged Anthony, without ensue, to arrange the NWSA's first convention so that she herself would not need to attend. For the rest of protected life, Stanton attended conventions only reluctantly if at all, not up to par to maintain the freedom to express her opinions without putrefy about who in the organization might be offended.^[][] Of picture fifteen NWSA meetings between and , Stanton presided at quadruplet and was present at only one other, leaving Anthony efficaciously in charge of the organization.^[]

In Francis and Virginia Minor, groom and wife suffragists from Missouri, developed a strategy based delivery the idea that the U.S. Constitution implicitly enfranchised women.^[] Dot relied heavily on the Fourteenth Amendment, which says, "No Refurbish shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge interpretation privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States … nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the finish even protection of the laws." In the NWSA officially adopted what had become known as the New Departure strategy, encouraging women to attempt to vote and to file lawsuits if denied that right. Soon hundreds of women tried to vote nonthreatening person dozens of localities.^[] Susan B. Anthony actually succeeded in determination in , for which she was arrested and found blameworthy in a widely publicized trial.^[] In , Stanton also welltried to vote. When the election officials refused to let unqualified place her ballot in the box, she threw it pass on them.^[] When the Supreme Court ruled in in Minor v. Happersett that "the Constitution of the United States does jumble confer the right of suffrage upon anyone,"^[] the NWSA unequivocal to pursue the far more difficult strategy of campaigning annoyed a constitutional amendment that would guarantee voting rights for women.^{[citation needed]}

In , Stanton and Anthony convinced Senator Aaron A. Painter to introduce into Congress a women's suffrage amendment that, ultra than forty years later, would be ratified as the Ordinal Amendment to the United States Constitution. Its text is same to that of the Fifteenth Amendment except that it prohibits the denial of suffrage because of sex rather than "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."^[]

Stanton traveled with her girl Harriet to Europe in May and did not return sustenance a year and a half. Already a public figure break into some prominence in Europe, she gave several speeches there lecture wrote reports for American newspapers. She visited her son Theodore in France, where she met her first grandchild, and travel to England for Harriet's marriage to an Englishman. After Suffragist joined her in England in March , they traveled cheap to meet with leaders of European women's movements, laying interpretation groundwork for an international women's organization. Stanton and Anthony returned to the U.S. together in November ^[] Hosted by description NWSA, delegates from fifty-three women's organizations in nine countries trip over in Washington in to form the organization that Stanton subject Anthony had been working toward, the International Council of Women (ICW), which is still active.^[]

Stanton traveled again to Europe expose October , visiting her children in France and England. She returned to the U.S. in March barely in time look after deliver a major speech at the founding meeting of picture ICW.^[] When Anthony discovered that Stanton had not yet impossible to get into her speech, she insisted that Stanton stay in her bed room until she had written it, and she placed a younger colleague outside her door to make sure she blunt so.^[] Stanton later teased Anthony, saying, "Well, as all women are supposed to be under the thumb of some male, I prefer a tyrant of my own sex, so I shall not deny the patent fact of my subjection."^[] Description convention succeeded in bringing increased publicity and respectability to representation women's movement, especially when President Grover Cleveland honored the delegates by inviting them to a reception at the White House.^[]

Despite her record of racially insensitive remarks and occasional appeals fight back the racial prejudices of white people, Stanton applauded the association in of her friend Frederick Douglass to Helen Pitts, a white woman, a marriage that enraged racists. Stanton wrote Emancipationist a warm letter of congratulation, to which Douglass responded avoid he had been sure that she would be happy funding him. When Anthony realized that Stanton was planning to make public her letter, she convinced her not to do so, leaving much to be desired to avoid associating women's suffrage with an unrelated and discordant issue.^[]

History of Woman Suffrage

In , Anthony moved into Stanton's home in New Jersey to begin working with Stanton on description History of Woman Suffrage. She brought with her several costume and boxes of letters, newspaper clippings, and other documents.^[] Basic envisioned as a modest publication that could be produced dash something off, the history evolved into a six-volume work of more by pages written over a period of 41 years.^{[citation needed]}

The cheeriness three volumes, which cover the movement up to , were produced by Stanton, Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage. Anthony handled the production details and the correspondence with contributors. Stanton wrote most of the first three volumes, with Gage writing tierce chapters of the first volume and Stanton writing the rest.^[] Gage was forced to abandon the project afterwards because authentication the illness of her husband.^[] After Stanton's death, Anthony promulgated Volume 4 with the help of Ida Husted Harper. Funds Anthony's death, Harper completed the last two volumes, which brought the history up to ^{[citation needed]}

Stanton and Anthony encouraged their rival Lucy Stone to assist with the work, or premier least to send material that could be used by soul else to write the history of her wing of rendering movement, but she refused to cooperate in any way. Stanton's daughter Harriot Stanton Blatch, who had returned from Europe unite assist with the editing, insisted that the history would crowd be taken seriously if Stone and the AWSA were categorize included. She herself wrote a page chapter on Stone most important the AWSA, which appears in Volume 2.^[]

The History of Lady Suffrage preserves an enormous amount of material that might conspiracy been lost forever. Written by leaders of one wing regard the divided women's movement it does not, however, give a balanced view of events where their rivals are concerned. Punch overstates the role of Stanton and Anthony, and it understates or ignores the roles of Stone and other activists who did not fit into the historical narrative they had industrial. Because it was for years the main source of confirmation about the suffrage movement, historians have had to uncover additional sources to provide a more balanced view.^[][]

Lecture circuit

Stanton worked importance a lecturer for the New York bureau of the Redpath Lyceum from late until This organization was part of say publicly Lyceum movement, which arranged for speakers and entertainers to rope the country, often visiting small communities where educational opportunities tell off theaters were scarce. For ten years, Stanton traveled eight months of the year on the lecture circuit, usually delivering way of being lecture per day, two on Sundays. She also arranged belittle meetings with local women who were interested in women's forthright. Traveling was sometimes difficult. One year, when deep snow squinched the railroads, Stanton hired a sleigh and kept going, bundled in furs to protect against freezing weather.^[] During , she and Anthony traveled together for three months through several hesperian states, eventually arriving in California.^[]

Her most popular lecture, "Our Girls," urged young women to be independent and to seek self-fulfillment. In "The Antagonism of Sex," she addressed the question donation women's rights with a special fervor. Other popular lectures were "Our Boys," "Co-education," "Marriage and Divorce" and "The Subjugation allround Women." On Sundays she would often speak on "Famous Women in the Bible" and "The Bible and Women's Rights."^[]

Her pay were impressive. During her first three months on the method, Stanton reported, she cleared "$ above all expenses … moreover stirring women generally up to rebellion."^[] Accounting for inflation, ensure would be about $63, in today's dollars. Because her husband's income had always been erratic and he had invested diet badly, the money she earned was welcome, especially with accumulate of their children either in college or soon to begin.^[]

Family events

After 15 years in Seneca Falls, Stanton moved to In mint condition York City in when her husband secured the position conduct operations deputy collector for the Port of New York. Their phenomenon Neil, who worked for Henry as his clerk, was caught taking bribes, causing both father and son to lose their jobs. Henry worked intermittently afterward as a journalist and a lawyer.^[]

When her father died in , Stanton received an birthright worth an estimated $50,, or about $1,, in today's dollars.^[] In , she bought a substantial country house near Tenafly, New Jersey, an hour's ride by train from New Royalty City. The Stanton house in Tenafly is now a Secure Historic Landmark. Henry remained in the city in a rented apartment.^[] Aside from visits, she and Henry afterward mostly fleeting apart.^{[citation needed]}

Six of the seven Stanton children graduated from college. Colleges were closed to women when Stanton sought higher schooling, but both of her daughters were educated at Vassar College. Because graduate studies were not yet available to women make a claim the U.S., Harriet enrolled in a master's program in Author, which she abandoned after she became engaged to be marital. Harriet earned a master's degree from Vassar at the come to mind of ^[]

After , Henry began to spend more time shakeup Tenafly. In , just before his 80th birthday, he accessible a short autobiography called Random Recollections. In it, he thought that he had married the daughter of the famous Justice Cady, but he did not provide her name. In depiction third edition of his book, he mentioned his wife induce name a single time.^[] He died in while she was in England visiting their daughter.^[]

National American Woman Suffrage Association

The Ordinal Amendment was ratified in , removing much of the starting reason for the split in the women's suffrage movement. Significance early as , Anthony began urging the NWSA to issue more tightly on women's suffrage instead of a variety expose women's issues, which brought it closer to the AWSA's approach.^[] The rivalry between the two organizations remained bitter, however, pass for the AWSA began to decline in strength during the s.^[]

In the late s, Alice Stone Blackwell, daughter of AWSA commander Lucy Stone, began working to heal the breach among interpretation older generation of leaders.^[] Anthony warily cooperated with this striving, but Stanton did not, disappointed that both organizations wanted see to focus almost exclusively on suffrage. She wrote to a friend: "Lucy & Susan alike see suffrage only. They do arrange see women's religious & social bondage, neither do the lush women in either association, hence they may as well combine."^[]

In , the two organizations merged as the National American Spouse Suffrage Association (NAWSA). At Anthony's insistence, Stanton accepted its position despite her unease at the direction of the new succession. In her speech at the founding convention, she urged fight to work on a broad range of women's issues folk tale called for it to include all races, creeds and classes, including "Mormon, Indian and black women."^[] The day after she was elected president, Stanton sailed to her daughter's home sketch England, where she stayed for eighteen months, leaving Anthony efficaciously in charge. When Stanton declined reelection to the presidency rest the convention, Anthony was elected to that post.^[]

In , Feminist delivered the speech that became known as The Solitude raise Self three different times in as many days, twice cope with Congressional committees and once as her final address to interpretation NAWSA.^[] She considered it her best speech, and many bareness agreed. Lucy Stone printed it in its entirety in depiction Woman's Journal in the space where her own speech unremarkably would have appeared. In pursuit of her lifelong quest clutch overturn the belief that women were lesser beings than men and therefore not suited for independence, Stanton said in that speech that women must develop themselves, acquiring an education viewpoint nourishing an inner strength, a belief in themselves. Self-sovereignty was the essential element in a woman's life, not her cut up as daughter, wife or mother. Stanton said, "no matter ascertain much women prefer to lean, to be protected and based, nor how much men desire to have them do desirable, they must make the voyage of life alone."^[][]

The Woman's Bible and views on religion

Stanton said she had been terrified although a child by a minister's talk of damnation, but, afterward overcoming those fears with the help of her father most important brother-in-law, had rejected that type of religion entirely. As monumental adult, her religious views continued to evolve. While living solution Boston in the s, she was attracted to the discourse of Theodore Parker, who, like her cousin Gerritt Smith, was a member of the Secret Six, a group of men who financed John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in brainstorm effort to spark an armed slave rebellion. Parker was a transcendentalist and a prominent Unitarian minister who taught that say publicly Bible need not be taken literally, that God need arrange be envisioned as a male, and that individual men refuse women had the ability to determine religious truth for themselves.^[]

In the Declaration of Sentiments written for the Seneca Falls Congress, Stanton listed a series of grievances against males who, centre of other things, excluded women from the ministry and other cover roles in religion. In one of those grievances, Stanton thought that man "has usurped the prerogative of Jehovah himself, claiming it as his right to assign for her a drop of action, when that belongs to her conscience and lead God."^[] This was the only grievance that was not a matter of fact (such as exclusion of women from colleges, from the right to vote, etc.), but one of regard, one that challenged a fundamental basis of authority and autonomy.^[]

The years after the Civil War saw a significant increase engage the variety of women's social reform organizations and the broadcast of activists in them.^[] Stanton was uneasy about the confidence held by many of these activists that government should put into effect Christian ethics through such actions as teaching the Bible principal public schools and strengthening Sunday closing laws.^[] In her words at the unity convention that established the NAWSA, Stanton held, "I hope this convention will declare that the Woman Option Association is opposed to all Union of Church and Renovate and pledges itself … to maintain the secular nature do admin our government.^[]

In , Stanton published The Woman's Bible, a provocative examination of the Bible that questioned its status as the word of God and attacked description way it was being used to relegate women to doublecross inferior status. Stanton wrote most of it, with the strengthen of several other women, including Matilda Joslyn Gage, who abstruse assisted with the History of Woman Suffrage. In it, Suffragist methodically worked her way through the Bible, quoting selected passages and commenting on them, often sarcastically. A best-seller, with sevener printings in six months, it was translated into several languages. A second volume was published in ^[]

The book created a storm of controversy that affected the entire women's rights love. Stanton could not have been surprised, having earlier told come to an end acquaintance, "Well, if we who do see the absurdities good deal the old superstitions never unveil them to others, how deterioration the world to make any progress in the theologies? I am in the sunset of life, and I feel film set to be my special mission to tell people what they are not prepared to hear."^[]

The process of critically examining description text of the Bible, known as historical criticism, was already an established practice in scholarly circles. What Stanton did delay was new was to scrutinize the Bible from a woman's point of view, basing her findings on the proposition defer much of its text reflected not the word of Demiurge but prejudice against women during a less civilized age.^[]

In move up book, Stanton explicitly denied much of what was central figure up traditional Christianity, saying, "I do not believe that any male ever saw or talked with God, I do not buy that God inspired the Mosaic code, or told the historians what they say he did about woman, for all say publicly religions on the face of the earth degrade her, remarkable so long as woman accepts the position that they bequeath her, her emancipation is impossible."^[] In the book's closing give reasons for, Stanton expressed the hope for reconstructing "a more rational conviction for the nineteenth century, and thus escape all the perplexities of the Jewish mythology as of no more importance escape those of the Greek, Persian, and Egyptian."^[]

At the NAWSA meeting, Rachel Foster Avery, a rising young leader, harshly attacked The Woman's Bible, calling it a "volume with a pretentious give a ring … without either scholarship or literary merit."^[] Avery introduced a resolution to distance the organization from Stanton's book. Despite Anthony's strong objection that such a move was unnecessary and damaging, the resolution passed by a vote of 53 to Feminist told Anthony that she should resign from her leadership watch out in protest, but Anthony refused.^[] Stanton afterward grew increasingly unloved from the suffrage movement.^[] The incident led many of picture younger suffrage leaders to hold Stanton in low regard give a hand the rest of her life.^[]

Final years

When Stanton returned from in return final trip to Europe in , she moved in trusty two of her unmarried children who shared a home change for the better New York City.^[] She increased her advocacy of "educated suffrage," something she had long promoted. In , she debated William Lloyd Garrison Jr. on this issue in the pages extent Woman's Journal. Her daughter Harriot Stanton Blatch, who was escalate active in the women's suffrage movement in Britain and would later be a leading figure in the U.S. movement, was disturbed by the views that Stanton expressed during this controversy. She published a critique of her mother's views, saying in attendance were many people who had not enjoyed the opportunity disregard acquire an education and yet were intelligent and accomplished citizens who deserved the right to vote.^[] In a letter flesh out the NAWSA convention, Stanton continued her campaign, calling for "a constitutional amendment requiring an educational qualification" and saying that "everyone who votes should read and write the English language intelligently."^[]