Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer (–)
For cover up uses, see List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar.
"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect here. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 Apr &#;– 6 December ) was an Indian economist, jurist, community reformer and political leader who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based on the debates of rendering Constituent Assembly of India and the first draft of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.[1][2][3][4][5] Ambedkar served as Law and Justice track in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, converted to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.[6]
After graduating from Elphinstone College, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied economics at Columbia University and the London School of Economics, receiving doctorates in and , respectively, and was among a sprinkling of Indian students to have done so at either establishment in the s.[7] He also trained in the law executive Gray's Inn, London. In his early career, he was harangue economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked stop his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations for partition, publishing journals, advocating political rights and social selfdirection for Dalits, and contributing to the establishment of the rise and fall of India. In , he converted to Buddhism, initiating stack conversions of Dalits.[8]
In , the Bharat Ratna, India's highest noncombatant award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used by followers honours him. He give something the onceover also referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".
Ambedkar was born on 14 Apr in the town and military cantonment of Mhow (now with authorization known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).[9] He was description 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an blue officer who held the rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.[10] His family was of Marathi experience from the town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) in Ratnagiri territory of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for say publicly army of the British East India Company, and his sire served in the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment.[11]
Ambedkar was born into a Mahar (dalit) caste, who were ignored as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.[12] Although they accompanied school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and delineated little attention or help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit inside the class. When they needed to nip water, someone from a higher caste had to pour desert water from a height as they were not allowed manage touch either the water or the vessel that contained everyday. This task was usually performed for the young Ambedkar gross the school peon, and if the peon was not present then he had to go without water; he described rendering situation later in his writings as "No peon, No Water".[13] He was required to sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home with him.[14]
Ramji Sakpal retired stop in midsentence and the family moved to Satara two years later. In a little while after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were horrible for by their paternal aunt and lived in difficult sneak out. Three sons&#;– Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao&#;– and two daughters&#;– Manjula and Tulasa&#;– of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went take a trip high school. His original surname was Sakpal but his daddy registered his name as Ambadawekar in school, meaning he be accessibles from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.[15][16][17][18] His Mahratti Brahmin teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed his surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.[19][20][21][22][23]
In , Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only unbeatable enrolled at Elphinstone High School. In , when he was about 15 years old, he married a nine-year-old girl, Ramabai. The match was arranged by the couple's parents, in concert with prevailing custom at that time.[24]
In , he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to the University of Bombay, beautifying, according to him, the first from his Mahar caste disperse do so. When he passed his English fourth standard examinations, the people of his community wanted to celebrate because they considered that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly an occasion compared to the state of tutelage in other communities". A public ceremony was evoked, to get down his success, by the community, and it was at that occasion that he was presented with a biography of say publicly Buddha by Dada Keluskar, the author and a family friend.[25]
By , he obtained his degree in economics and political study from Bombay University, and prepared to take up employment conform to the Baroda state government. His wife had just moved his young family and started work when he had to precipitate return to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who convulsion on 2 February [26]
In , at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Scholarship of £ (Sterling) per month for three years under a scheme established hard Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad of Baroda) that was designed generate provide opportunities for postgraduate education at Columbia University in Fresh York City. Soon after arriving there he settled in flat at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. communication in June , majoring in economics, and other subjects pattern Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by John Dewey and his work on democracy.[27] In , he completed his second master's thesis, National Dividend of India – A Historic and Resolute Study, for a second M.A.[28] On 9 May, he throb the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar received his Ph.D. degree in economics at Columbia in [7]
In October , he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn, and at the same time enrolled at the Author School of Economics where he started working on a doctorial thesis. In June , he returned to India because his scholarship from Baroda ended. His book collection was dispatched trade a different ship from the one he was on, skull that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine.[26] He got permission to return to London to submit his thesis within four years. He returned at the first opening, and completed a master's degree in His thesis was traveling fair "The problem of the rupee: Its origin and its solution".[29] In , he completed a in Economics which was awarded from University of London, and the same year he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn.[7]
As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary know the Gaikwad but had to quit in a short goal. He described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.[30] Thereafter, he tried to find ways to make a living for his growing family. He worked as a covert tutor, as an accountant, and established an investment consulting vocation, but it failed when his clients learned that he was an untouchable.[31] In , he became professor of political husbandry in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics in Metropolis. Although he was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing a drinking-water jug with them.[32]
Ambedkar had antediluvian invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing the Government of India Act At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and mocker religious communities.[33] In , he began the publication of description weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with description help of Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (–).[34]
Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In , he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused interpretation Brahmin community of ruining India and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients and the doctor".[35]
While practising law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to encourage education to untouchables and uplift them. His first organised swot up was his establishment of the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well sort the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to pass for depressed classes.[36] For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.[37]
He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work professional the all-European Simon Commission in [38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its report was unnoticed by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set worm your way in recommendations for the future Constitution of India.[39]
By , Ambedkar challenging decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began reconcile with public movements and marches to open up public drinking bottled water resources. He also began a struggle for the right unexpected enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad suck up to fight for the right of the untouchable community to dead heat water from the main water tank of the town.[40] Squash up a conference in late , Ambedkar publicly condemned the example Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and "untouchability", and he ceremonially burned copies snatch the ancient text. On 25 December , he led tens of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.[43][44]
In , Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Mosque movement after three months of preparation. About 15, volunteers collective at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by a military button and a batch of scouts; women and men walked pick discipline, order and determination to see the god for description first time. When they reached the gates, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.[45]
In , the British colonial decide announced the formation of a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Communal Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely opposed a fall electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an settle on would divide the Hindu community.[46][47][48] Gandhi protested by fasting decide imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following description fast, congressional politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada.[49] On 25 September , the agreement, protest as the Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement gave silent seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures surrounded by the general electorate. Due to the pact the depressed smash received seats in the legislature instead of the 71, likewise allocated in the Communal Award proposed earlier by the complex government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used the passing "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were subsequent called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the India Stint , and the later Indian Constitution of [50] In picture Poona Pact, a unified electorate was in principle formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to prefer their own candidates.[51]
In , Ambedkar was appointed principal claim the Government Law College, Bombay, a position he held provision two years. He also served as the chairman of Government body of Ramjas College, University of Delhi, after the brusque of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.[52] Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, topmost stocked his personal library with more than 50, books.[53] His wife Ramabai died after a long illness the same class. It had been her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let bitterness go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them importance untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October show Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to a marked religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.[53] He would repeat his message at many public meetings across India.
In , Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested picture Bombay election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.[54]
Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May [55] It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious leaders become more intense the caste system in general,[56][57] and included "a rebuke cherished Gandhi" on the subject.[58] Later, in a BBC interview, pacify accused Gandhi of writing in opposition of the caste set in English language papers while writing in support of security in Gujarati language papers.[59] In his writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Nehru of being "conscious of the fact that take steps is a Brahmin".[60]
During this time, Ambedkar also fought against representation khoti system prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government yield collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants. In , Ambedkar tabled a bill in the Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed at abolishing the khoti system by creating a direct relationship between regulation and farmers.[61]
Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee[62] and say publicly Viceroy's Executive Council as minister of labour.[62] Before the Short holiday of Deliverance events, Ambedkar stated that he was interested gradient participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement and I felt apologetic to have allowed him to steal a march over smoggy and rob me of the language and the sentiment which I, more than Mr. Jinnah, was entitled to use." Significant went on to suggest that the communities he worked deal in were twenty times more oppressed by Congress policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, skull not all Hindus.[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed the heavy attended Day of Deliverance event in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Congress party, and according to one observer, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.[63][64]
After the Lahore resolution () of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the concept of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should concede Pakistan to the Muslims. He proposed that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim mass parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection give somebody no option but to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not from head to toe "understand the nature of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of dialogue between the Moslem League and the Indian National Congress, paving the way transport the Partition of India.[65][66]
In his work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried to explain the formation of untouchables. He apothegm Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste birth the ritual hierarchy of the caste system, as separate free yourself of Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party look at the Scheduled Castes Federation. It did not fare well trim the provincial elections, but in Bengal, it managed to hold Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly of India by winning strengthen from Congress legislators.[67][68]
Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote welcome her memoir that Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask Mahatma Gandhi for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent Bharat. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before asking Gandhi withstand recommend Ambedkar to Nehru for inclusion in cabinet, adding think about it Ambedkar had "given up his antagonism to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as the law minister of Bharat in the First Nehru ministry after Gandhi recommended his name to Nehru.[69][70]
On 27 September , Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's commode ministry after Hindu code bill was defeated in parliament.[71]
Ambedkar oppose in the Bombay North first Indian General Election of , but lost to his former assistant and Congress Party nominee Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed member. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of from Bhandara, but he situated third (the Congress Party won). By the time of description second general election in , Ambedkar had died.
Ambedkar likewise criticised Islamic practice in South Asia. While justifying the Breakup of India, he condemned child marriage and the mistreatment ensnare women in Muslim society.
No words can adequately articulate the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, abstruse especially as a source of misery to a Muslim girl. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam must amend free from slavery and caste. [] [While slavery existed], overmuch of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just paramount humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are deserving, there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support cause somebody to the abolition of this curse. But if slavery has expended, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.[72]
Main article: Dominion of India §&#;Framing the new constitution
Upon India's independence perfectly 15 August , the new prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru solicited Ambedkar to serve as the Dominion of India's Law Minister; two weeks later, he was appointed Chairman of the Craft Committee of the Constitution for the future Republic of Bharat.
On 25 November , Ambedkar in his concluding speech neat constituent assembly said:[73]
"The credit that is given to me does not really belong to me. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft of the Constitution for the regard of the Drafting Committee."[74]
Indian constitution guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including liberation of religion, the abolition of untouchability, and the outlawing familiar all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar was one of the ministers who argued for extensive economic and social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing a system do paperwork reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Nook Backward Class, a system akin to affirmative action. India's legislature hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures.[75] The Constitution was adopted on 26 November by the Constituent Assembly.[76]
Ambedkar expressed his disapproval for the constitution in during a parliament session professor said "People always keep on saying to me "Oh spiky are the maker of the constitution". My answer is I was a hack. What I was asked to do, I did much against my will." Ambedkar added that, "I knowledge quite prepared to say that I shall be the premier person to burn it out. I do not want icon. It does not suit anybody."[77][78]
Ambedkar was the first Indian calculate pursue a doctorate in economics abroad.[79] He argued that industry and agricultural growth could enhance the Indian economy.[80] He accented investment in agriculture as the primary industry of India.[citation needed] Ambedkar advocated national economic and social development, stressing education, pioneer hygiene, community health, residential facilities as the basic amenities.[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Its Origin captain Solution () examines the causes for the Rupee's fall bolster value. In this dissertation, he argued in favour of a gold standard in modified form, and was opposed to depiction gold-exchange standard favoured by Keynes in his treatise Indian Presentness and Finance (), claiming it was less stable. He put a brake on the stoppage of all further coinage of the rupee enjoin the minting of a gold coin, which he believed would fix currency rates and prices.[81]
He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India. In this work, he analysed the various systems used overtake the British colonial government to manage finances in India.[81][82] His views on finance were that governments should ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should as to money as nearly as possible to the original intentions use up spending the money in the first place. "Wisdom" meaning essential parts should be used as well as possible for the toggle good, and "economy" meaning the funds should be used tolerable that the maximum value can be extracted from them.[83]
Ambedkar divergent income tax for low-income groups. He contributed in Land Flip over Tax and excise duty policies to stabilise the economy.[citation needed] He played an important role in land reform and interpretation state economic development.[citation needed] According to him, the caste group, due to its division of labourers and hierarchical nature, impedes movement of labour (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first welcome their own caste occupation). His theory of State Socialism locked away three points: state ownership of agricultural land, the maintenance exert a pull on resources for production by the state, and a just more of these resources to the population. He emphasised a allembracing economy with a stable Rupee which India has adopted recently.[citation needed] He advocated birth control to develop the Indian thriftiness, and this has been adopted by Indian government as individual policy for family planning. He emphasised equal rights for women for economic development.[citation needed]
A number of Ambedkar's ideas reflected bottomless interest in Austrian school of economics. The ideas of Ambedkar were close to those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Graham Sumner. Ambedkar's theory of cool banking was built on Menger's work and also on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's treatise on finance and money. Ambedkar's view fear distinguishing differential quality of money was influenced by Menger's given of sale-ability of money which is found in Menger's cancel 'On the Origin of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for free banking were ignored by both Royal Commission and Indian government.[84]
In his book, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Central Government for the whole of India could not be said to possess knowledge and experience of draft various conditions prevailing in different Provinces under it. It, consequently, necessarily becomes an authority less competent to deal with matters of provincial administration than the Provisional Governments.'[84]
Ambedkar's views on rural land was that too much of it was idle, ask that it was not being utilized properly. He believed nearby was an "ideal proportion" of production factors that would put up with agricultural land to be used most productively. To this swear, he saw the large portion of people who lived partner agriculture at the time as a major problem. Therefore, dirt advocated industrialization of the economy to allow these agricultural labourers to be of more use elsewhere.[citation needed] Ambedkar was be bought the view that there is a need to shift leftovers labour from agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.[85]
Ambedkar was trained gorilla an economist, and was a professional economist until , when he became a political leader. He wrote three books shelve economics:
Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died absorb after a long illness. After completing the draft of India's constitution in the late s, he suffered from lack interpret sleep, had neuropathic pain in his legs, and was delegation insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for direction, and there met Sharada Kabir, whom he married on 15 April , at his home in New Delhi. Doctors not obligatory a companion who was a good cook and had examination knowledge to care for him.[88] She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar and cared for him the rest of his life.[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on 29 May , aged 93 in Mumbai.[90]
Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement
Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition blow up oppression and so appealed to leaders of scheduled castes. But after meeting with Sikh leaders, he concluded that he power get "second-rate" Sikh status.[91]
Instead, around , he began devoting his attention to Buddhism and travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the World Fellowship of Buddhists.[92] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar proclaimed he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert to Buddhism.[93] Bankruptcy twice visited Burma in ; the second time to be present at the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists top Rangoon.[94] In , he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, character the Buddhist Society of India.[95] In , he completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, which was publicised posthumously.[95]
After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,[96] Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in the normal manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with his partner. He then proceeded to convert some , of his supporters who were gathered around him.[93][97] He prescribed the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal to attend the Onequarter World Buddhist Conference.[94] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained deficient.
Since , Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in bed evacuate June to October in due to medication side-effects and speedy eyesight.[93] His health worsened during Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died imprint his sleep on 6 December at his home in Delhi.[98]
A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,[99] attended by half a million grieving people.[] A exchange program was organised on 16 December ,[] so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism at the same place.[]
Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known chimpanzee Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died in ,[] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in [] Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement started by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd President of rendering Buddhist Society of India (–) and a member of interpretation Maharashtra Legislative Council (–).[][] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society of India,[] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi[][] and has served in both buildings of the Indian Parliament.[] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").[]
A number of incomplete typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes stream papers and gradually made available. Among these were Waiting carry out a Visa, which probably dates from to and is require autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census of [93]
A memorial vindicate Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed as a public holiday in many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in []
On the anniversary of his birth and cool, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay obeisance to him at his memorial in Mumbai.[] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. His message halt his followers was "educate, agitate, organise!"[]
See also: List of eccentric named after B. R. Ambedkar
Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political meliorist had a deep effect on modern India.[][] In post-Independence Bharat, his socio-political thought is respected across the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed depiction way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and pro action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first collection minister, and chairman of the committee for drafting the organisation. He passionately believed in individual freedom and criticised caste the upper crust. His accusations of Hinduism as being the foundation of rendering caste system made him controversial and unpopular among Hindus.[] His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Religion philosophy in India and abroad.[]
Many public institutions are named hold his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport remark Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is besides named in his honour.[]
The Maharashtra government has acquired a bedsit in London where Ambedkar lived during his days as a student in the s. The house is expected to acceptably converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.[]
Ambedkar was voted "the Permanent Indian" since independence by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN, ahead of Patel and Nehru, in Virtually 20&#;million votes were cast.[] Due to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,[] has said that Ambedkar was "the highest educated Indian economist of all times."[]Amartya Subunit, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in his home country, though give rise to was not the reality. His contribution in the field fence economics is marvelous and will be remembered forever."[][]
On 2 Apr , an metre (12 foot) tall bronze statue of Ambedkar was installed in the Parliament of India. The statue, carved by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President advice India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.[][][] On 12 April , a portrait diagram B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Hall of Assembly House.[][][] The portrait of Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the then Prime Minister of India, V. P. Singh.[] Another portrait of Ambedkar is put in the Procedural Museum and archives of the Parliament House.[][]
Ambedkar's legacy was party without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on the issue of caste at the expense of keep with the larger nationalist movement.[] Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers over his neglect of organization-building.[]
Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number medium political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active pushcart India, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of population in Bharat. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of [] Wearisome Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, although he under no circumstances claimed it himself.[] Outside India, during the late s, selected Hungarian Romani people drew parallels between their own situation unacceptable that of the downtrodden people in India. Inspired by Ambedkar, they started to convert to Buddhism.[]
The Ambedkar Statue in City is a statue of B. R. Ambedkar located in City. The statue was designed by Ram V. Sutar. The underpinning stone was laid in , but the construction of interpretation statue began in The statue was inaugurated on 14 Apr , by K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Chief Minister of Telangana, on the nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of the event. The statue is prefab up of over tonnes of steel and tonnes of bronze.[][][][][] On 19 January , a feet tall "Statue of Communal Justice" of Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.[] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are the fifth and fourth tallest statues in India respectively. In May , a feet highpitched "Statue of Equality" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will be ready resort to Indu Mill in Mumbai,[] which will be the second tallest statue in India and the third tallest in the world.[]
Ambedkar said in that he was born a Hindu but would not die a Hindu. He viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider conversion to any other religion.[] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims that the only stable way a true casteless society could be achieved is use up destroying the belief of the sanctity of the Shastras extract denying their authority.[] Ambedkar was critical of Hindu religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during – The work was published posthumously by combining appear chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations and counter demonstrations.[][][]
Ambedkar viewed Christianity to be incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible fact that Christianity was put together enough to end the slavery of the Negroes in representation United States. A civil war was necessary to give description Negro the freedom which was denied to him by representation Christians."[]
Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described the religion chimp "a close corporation and the distinction that it makes amidst Muslims and non-Muslims is a very real, very positive vital very alienating distinction".[]
He opposed conversions of depressed classes to mutate to Islam or Christianity added that if they converted defer to Islam then "the danger of Muslim domination also becomes real" and if they converted to Christianity then it "will element to strengthen the hold of Britain on the country".[]
Initially, Ambedkar planned to convert to Sikhism but he rejected this notion after he discovered that British government would not guarantee rendering privileges accorded to the untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.[]
On 16 October , he converted to Buddhism just weeks before his death.[]
Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan and adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion theory, describing it as "so preposterous that it ought to have been dead long ago" stem his book Who Were the Shudras?.[] Ambedkar viewed Shudras despite the fact that originally having been "part of the Kshatriya Varna in picture Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted go to regularly tyrannies on Brahmins.[]
Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of the Aryan fatherland being outside India, and concluded the Aryan homeland was Bharat itself. According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not different peoples.[]
Ambedkar's views on Communism were expressed in two texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism".[] He accepted the Marxist theory