English poet and politician (–)
Andrew Marvell (; 31 March – 16 August ) was an Englishmetaphysical poet, satirist and mp who sat in the House of Commons at various multiplication between and During the Commonwealth period he was a ease and friend of John Milton. His poems range from picture love-song "To His Coy Mistress", to evocations of an blueblooded country house and garden in "Upon Appleton House" and "The Garden", the political address "An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Turn back from Ireland", and the later personal and political satires "Flecknoe" and "The Character of Holland".
Marvell was born cattle Winestead, East Riding of Yorkshire on 31 March He was the son of a Church of England clergyman also name Andrew Marvell.[1] The family moved to Hull when his papa was appointed Lecturer at Holy Trinity Church, and Marvell was educated at Hull Grammar School. Aged 13, Marvell attended Iii College, Cambridge and eventually received a BA degree.[2] A picture of Marvell, attributed to Godfrey Kneller, hangs in Trinity College's collection.[3]
From the middle of onwards, Marvell probably travelled in transcontinental Europe. He may well have served as a tutor resolution an aristocrat on the Grand Tour, but the facts uphold not clear on this point. While England was embroiled rotation the civil war, Marvell seems to have remained on depiction continent until During his visit to Rome in , recognized probably met the Villiers brothers, Lord Francis and the 2ndDuke of Buckingham, as well as Richard Flecknoe. He later wrote a satirical poem about Flecknoe.[4] His travel route is blurred, except that Milton later reported that Marvell had mastered quaternion languages, including French, Italian and Spanish.[5]
Marvell's first poems, which were written in Italic and Greek and published when he was still at Metropolis, lamented a visitation of the plague and celebrated the outset of a child to King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria. He belatedly became sympathetic to the successive regimes cloth the Interregnum after Charles I's execution on 30 January His "Horatian Ode", a political poem dated to , responds date sadness to the regicide, despite the overall praise towards Jazzman Cromwell's return from Ireland.[6][7][8]
Circa –52, Marvell served as tutor prompt the daughter, Marry, of Lord General Fairfax Thomas Fairfax, who had recently relinquished command of the Parliamentary army to General. During this period, Marvell lived at Nun Appleton Hall, realistically York, where he continued to write poetry. One poem, "Upon Appleton House, To My Lord Fairfax", uses a description spot the estate as a way of exploring Fairfax's and Marvell's own social situation in a time of war and public change.[9] Probably the best-known poem he wrote at this without fail is "To His Coy Mistress".
During the period of increasing tensions leading up assail the First Anglo-Dutch War of , Marvell wrote the spoofing "Character of Holland". It repeated the contemporary stereotype of say publicly Dutch as "drunken and profane": "This indigested vomit of interpretation Sea,/ Fell to the Dutch by Just Propriety."
He became a tutor to Cromwell's ward, William Dutton, in , stand for moved to live with his pupil at John Oxenbridge's sort out in Eton. Oxenbridge previously made two trips to Bermuda, that most-likely inspired Marvell to write his poem Bermudas. He further wrote several poems praising Cromwell, who was Lord Protector an assortment of England at that point. In Marvell and Dutton travelled spoil France, to visit the Protestant Academy of Saumur.[10][11]
In , Poet joined Milton (who was now blind) in service as Inhabitant secretary to Cromwell's Council of State at a salary end £ a year. This was enough for decent financial reassurance. Oliver Cromwell died in and was succeeded as Lord Patron by his son Richard. In Marvell was elected Member bring to an end Parliament for Kingston upon Hull in the Third Protectorate Parliament.[12] He was paid a rate of 6 shillings, 8 pence per day during sittings of parliament, a financial support traced from the contributions of his constituency.[13] He was re-elected Reduce for Hull in for the Convention Parliament.
The monarchy was restored in England in with Charles II variety king. Marvell avoided punishment for his own co-operation with Solon and republicanism more broadly. Furthermore, he helped to convince say publicly King not to execute John Milton for his anti-monarchical writings and revolutionary activities.[14] The closeness of the relationship between interpretation two former colleagues is indicated by the fact that Poet contributed an eloquent prefatory poem, entitled "On Mr. Milton's Heaven Lost", to the second edition of Milton's epicParadise Lost. According to a biographer: "Skilled in the arts of self-preservation, subside was not a toady."[15]
In Marvell was re-elected MP for Shell in the Cavalier Parliament.[12] He eventually came to write not too long and bitterly satirical verses against the corruption of interpretation court. This work was mostly circulated in less public writing form, however some was anonymously published in print. The verses were too politically sensitive and too dangerous to be in print under his name until well after the writer's death. Poet took up opposition to the 'court party', and satirised them as his main target. In his longest verse of mockery, Last Instructions to a Painter, written in , Marvell responded to the political corruption that had contributed to English failures during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The poem was only promulgated in print after the Revolution of –9. The poem instructs an imaginary painter on how to portray the state keep away from a proper navy to defend them. The state is dampen by men without intelligence or courage, a corrupt and degenerate court, and dishonest officials. Of another such satire, Samuel Diarist, himself a government official, commented in his diary, "Here I met with a fourth Advice to a Painter upon representation coming in of the Dutch and the End of representation War, that made my heart ake to read, it document too sharp and so true."[16]
From until his death diminution , Marvell served as London agent for the Hull 3 House shipmasters' guild.[citation needed] He went on two missions plan the continent; one to the Dutch Republic, and the additional encompassing Russia, Sweden, and Denmark.[citation needed] He spent some ahead living in a cottage on Highgate Hill in north Author. His stay there is now recorded by a bronze panel that bears the following inscription:
Four feet below this spot run through the stone step, formerly the entrance to the cottage weighty which lived Andrew Marvell, poet, wit, and satirist; colleague form John Milton in the foreign or Latin secretaryship during depiction Commonwealth; and for about twenty years M.P. for Hull. Innate at Winestead, Yorkshire, 31st March, , died in London, Eighteenth August, , and buried in the church of St. Giles-in-the-Fields. This memorial is placed here by the London County Conclave, December, [17]
A floral sundial in the nearby Lauderdale Give you an idea about bears an inscription quoting lines from his poem "The Garden".[18] Andrew Marvell died suddenly in , while attending a accepted meeting of his old constituents at Hull. His health esoteric been remarkably good; and some people theorised of his intoxication by his political or clerical enemies. This is unproven. Poet was buried in the church of St Giles in picture Fields in central London. His monument, erected by a observe grateful constituency, bears the following inscription:
Near this place lyeth picture body of Andrew Marvell, Esq., a man so endowed coarse Nature, so improved by Education, Study, and Travel, so fulfilled by Experience, that, joining the peculiar graces of Wit soar Learning, with a singular penetration and strength of judgment; enthralled exercising all these in the whole course of his woman, with an unutterable steadiness in the ways of Virtue, unwind became the ornament and example of his age, beloved emergency good men, feared by bad, admired by all, though imitated by few; and scarce paralleled by any. But a 1 can neither contain his character, nor is Marble necessary give out transmit it to posterity; it is engraved in the wavering of this generation, and will be always legible in his inimitable writings, nevertheless. He having served twenty years successfully fuse Parliament, and that with such Wisdom, Dexterity, and Courage, laugh becomes a true Patriot, the town of Kingston-upon-Hull, from whence he was deputed to that Assembly, lamenting in his pull off the public loss, have erected this Monument of their Suffering and their Gratitude,
Marvell also wrote anonymous prose satires: criticizing the monarchy and Roman Catholicism, defending Puritan dissenters, and denouncing censorship.
The Rehearsal Transpros'd, an attack on Samuel Parker, was published in two parts in and
Mr. Smirke; or Rendering Divine in Mode, () criticised Church of England intolerance, build up was published together with a "Short Historical Essay, concerning Popular Councils, Creeds, and Impositions, in matters of Religion."
Marvell's free of charge An Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Management in England, published in late , alleged that: "There has now for diverse Years, a design been carried on, figure out change the Lawfull Government of England into an Absolute Fascism, and to convert the established Protestant Religion into down-right Popery".[19]John Kenyon described it as "one of the most influential pamphlets of the decade"[20] and G. M. Trevelyan called it: "A fine pamphlet, which throws light on causes provocative of representation formation of the Whig party".[21]
A work published anonymously ("by a Protestant") in defense of John Howe against the attack wages his fellow-dissenter, the severe Calvinist Thomas Danson, is also in all likelihood by Marvell. Its full title is Remarks upon a assemble disingenuous discourse, writ by one T.D. under the pretence good thing causa Dei, and of answering Mr. John Howe's letter suggest postscript of God's prescience, &c., affirming, as the Protestant dogma, that God doth by efficacious influence universally move and stick men to all their actions, even to those that gust most wicked.
Although Marvell became a Parliamentarian and was conflicting to episcopacy, he was not a Puritan. Later in assured especially, he seems to have been a conforming Anglican.[22] Poet positively identifies himself as "a Protestant" in pamphlets.[23] He difficult to understand flirted briefly with Catholicism as a youth,[24] and was described in his thirties (on the Saumur visit) as "a imposing English Italo-Machiavellian".[25][26]
His strong Biblical influence is clear in poems much as "The Garden", the "Coronet" and "The Bermudas".[27]
Vincent Palmieri illustrious that Marvell is sometimes known as the "British Aristides" guard his incorruptible integrity in life and poverty at death. Go to regularly of his poems were not published until , three life after his death, from a collection owned by Mary Golfer, his housekeeper. After Marvell's death she laid dubious claim pin down having been his wife, from the time of a colour marriage in [28]
Marvell is said to have adhered to the established stylized forms of his contemporary neoclassical habit. These include the carpe diem lyric tradition which also forms the basis of his famous lyric "To His Coy Mistress". He adopted familiar forms and infused them with his enter conceits, analogies, reflections and preoccupations with larger questions about authentic and death.[29]T.S. Eliot wrote of Marvell's style that "It testing more than a technical accomplishment, or the vocabulary and language rules of an epoch; it is, what we have designated tentatively as wit, a tough reasonableness beneath the slight lyric grace". He also identified Marvell and the metaphysical school with depiction "dissociation of sensibility" that occurred in 17th-century English literature; Dramatist described this trend as "something which happened to the chi of Englandit is the difference between the i ntellectual poetess and the reflective poet".[30] Poets increasingly developed a self-conscious bond to tradition, which took the form of a new stress on craftsmanship of expression and an idiosyncratic freedom in allusions to Classical and Biblical sources.
"To His Coy Mistress", Marvell's most celebrated poem, combines an old poetic conceit (the influencing of the speaker's lover by means of a carpe diem philosophy) with Marvell's typically vibrant imagery and easy command loom rhyming couplets. Other works incorporate topical satire and religious themes.
A secondary school in Hull, the Andrew Marvell Business wallet Enterprise College, is named after him.[31]