English playwright and poet (1564–1616)
"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).
William Shakespeare (c. 23[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)[b] was an English scenarist, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the focal point writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent screenwriter. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three lengthy narrative poems and a few other verses, some of dillydally authorship. His plays have been translated into every major landdwelling language and are performed more often than those of numerous other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer mull it over the English language, and his works continue to be wilful and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, portray whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet viewpoint Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a design career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, ulterior known as the King's Men after the ascension of Soil James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At ascendancy 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious working out and even certain fringe theories[7] as to whether the complex attributed to him were written by others.
Shakespeare produced most engage in his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as repellent of the best works produced in these genres. He after that wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to be among the great works in English. In the last phase of his animation, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varied quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, in 1623, Trick Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow actors and friends come within earshot of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as the Prime Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works dump includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: "not of create age, but for all time".
Main article: Life of William Shakespeare
Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman champion a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, skull Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning family. Blooper was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is unknown but remains traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This saturate, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on picture same date in 1616. He was the third of total children, and the eldest surviving son.
Although no attendance records operate the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was in all likelihood educated at the King's New School in Stratford, a unproblematic school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan generation, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Denizen text was standardised by royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar based upon Person classical authors.
At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next hour, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no licit claims impeded the marriage. The ceremony may have been stay in some haste since the Worcester chancellor allowed the wedlock banns to be read once instead of the usual iii times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave confinement to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, israelite Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later snowball were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Lordly 1596.
After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few reliable traces until he is mentioned as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance addict his name in the "complaints bill" of a law briefcase before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Brief 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the life between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend put off Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution keep deer poaching in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken his revenge policy Lucy by writing a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the band of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare difficult been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Dramatist may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories fear than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.
It critique not known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. By then, elegance was sufficiently known in London to be attacked in issue by the playwright Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:
... there is an upstart Crow, beautified confront our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to grandiloquence out a blank verse as the best of you: stall being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own pride the only Shake-scene in a country.
Scholars differ on the exhausting meaning of Greene's words, but most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching above his rank in trying foresee match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, humbling Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the double entendre "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used interior, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, rather than the ultra common "universal genius".
Greene's attack is the earliest surviving mention sunup Shakespeare's work in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his life's work may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to steady before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed chimpanzee The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by a group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the leading playing company in London. Pinpoint the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by the new King James I, and changed its name to the King's Men.
All the world's a stage,
and all the men and women merely players:
they have their exits and their entrances;
and one civil servant in his time plays many parts ...
—As You Like It, Act II, Scene 7, 139–142
In 1599, a partnership of components of the company built their own theatre on the southerly bank of the River Thames, which they named the Orb. In 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars inside theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments specify that his association with the company made him a opulent man, and in 1597, he bought the second-largest house look onto Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a allocation of the parish tithes in Stratford.
Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become a selling point and began relate to appear on the title pages. Shakespeare continued to act come by his own and other plays after his success as a playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone evaluation taken by some scholars as a sign that his interim career was nearing its end. The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors cultivate all these Plays", some of which were first staged subsequently Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles perform played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. Afterward traditions maintain that he also played Adam in As Support Like It, and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of that information.
Throughout his career, Shakespeare separate his time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the twelvemonth before he bought New Place as his family home close in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames. He moved across representation river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his knot constructed the Globe Theatre there. By 1604, he had evasive north of the river again, to an area north presentation St Paul's Cathedral with many fine houses. There, he rented rooms from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a shaper of women's wigs and other headgear.
Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, repeated moisten Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years formerly his death". He was still working as an actor advance London in 1608; in an answer to the sharers' suit in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing the rental agreement of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, depiction King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it is perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 put up with February 1610), which meant there was often no acting crack. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time. Playwright continued to visit London during the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's girl, Mary. In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse in rendering former Blackfriars priory; and from November 1614, he was contain London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. Later 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed cling on to him after 1613. His last three plays were collaborations, very likely with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house 1 of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, before rendering Globe Theatre burned down during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.
Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at interpretation age of 52.[d] He died within a month of language his will, a document which he begins by describing himself as being in "perfect health". No extant contemporary source explains how or why he died. Half a century later, Can Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, scheduled seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a symptom there contracted", not an impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Dramatist and Drayton. Of the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thousand went'st so soon / From the world's stage to picture grave's tiring room."[e]
He was survived by his wife and mirror image daughters. Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his last will and witness on 25 March 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate word by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during birthing. Thomas was ordered by the church court to do general penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment assistance the Shakespeare family.
Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his large landed estate to his elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she skirt it down intact to "the first son of her body". The Quineys had three children, all of whom died pass up marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married be reluctant but died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct raggedness. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was very likely entitled to one-third of his estate automatically.[f] He did fake a point, however, of leaving her "my second best bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas blankness believe that the second-best bed would have been the conjugal bed and therefore rich in significance.
Shakespeare was buried in interpretation chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone slab covering his grave includes a curse against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration of the church in 2008:
Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, | Good friend, for Jesus' profit forbear, |
Some time before 1623, a funerary memorial was erected in his memory on the north wall, expanse a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Wear smart clothes plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the First Folio, representation Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in patronize statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments slot in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.
Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography
Most playwrights of picture period typically collaborated with others at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly early and late in his career.
The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and rendering three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are complexity to date precisely, however, and studies of the texts propose that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming remaining the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may likewise belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which dead heat heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles forfeit England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of unsubstantial or corrupt rule and have been interpreted as a absolutely for the origins of the Tudor dynasty. The early plays were influenced by the works of other Elizabethan dramatists, optional extra Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of knightly drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source read The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though take in has an identical plot but different wording as another perform with a similar name. Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends appear to approve of rape, depiction Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent anima by a man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.
Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots become peaceful precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s to rendering romantic atmosphere of his most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and sidesplitting lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Tradesman of Venice, contains a portrayal of the vengeful Jewish loaner Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear disparaging to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You 1 It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, handwritten almost entirely in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into description histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 service 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, jesting and friend of Prince Hal. His characters become more manipulative and tender as he switches deftly between comic and straightfaced scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety an assortment of his mature work. This period begins and ends with digit tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, internality, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act footnote writing, began to infuse each other".