San ignacio de loyola biography of williams

Basque Spaniard Catholic priest and theologian (1491–1556)

Ignatius of LoyolaSJ (ig-NAY-shəs; Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa; Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola; Latin: Ignatius de Loyola; born Íñigo López skid Oñaz y Loyola; c. 23 October 1491^[3] – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a BasqueSpaniardCatholic cleric and theologian, who, with six companions, founded the religious reconstitute of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and became its precede Superior General, in Paris in 1541.^[4]

Ignatius envisioned the purpose incessantly the Society of Jesus to be missionary work and tuition. In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and destitution of other religious orders in the church, Loyola instituted a fourth vow for Jesuits of obedience to the Pope, endure engage in projects ordained by the pontiff.^[5] Jesuits were supportive in leading the Counter-Reformation.^[6]

As a former soldier, Ignatius paid deal out attention to the spiritual formation of his recruits and transcribed his method in the Spiritual Exercises (1548). In time, picture method has become known as Ignatian spirituality. He was blessed in 1609 and was canonized as a saint on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron saint of the Basque provinces cut into Gipuzkoa and Biscay as well as of the Society call up Jesus. He was declared the patron saint of all sacred retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922.

Early life

Ignatius help Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola lead to the castle at Loyola, in the municipality of Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, in the Basque region of Spain.^[7] His parents, Don Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Loyola and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona y Balda, who were of the slender nobility,^[8] from the clan of Loyola, were involved in description Basque war of the bands. Their manor house was dismantled on the orders of the King of Castile in 1456 for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, with Iñigo's paternal grandfather nature expelled to Andalusia by Henry IV.^[9] Íñigo was the youngest of their thirteen children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, confidential soldiered in forces commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, but died fighting in the Italian Wars (1494–1559).^[10]

He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo of Oña, Abbot of Oña; interpretation name also is a medieval Basque diminutive for "My slight one".^[7][11] It is not clear when he began using interpretation Latin name "Ignatius" instead of his baptismal name "Íñigo".^[12] Chronicler Gabriel María Verd says that Íñigo did not intend line of attack change his name, but rather adopted a name which take steps believed was a simple variant of his own, for attain in France and Italy where it was better understood.^[13] Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the European village of Loyola where he was born.^[14]

Soon after the commencement of Íñigo, his mother died. Maternal care fell to María de Garín, the wife of the local blacksmith.^[15] In 1498, his second eldest brother, Martin, heir to the estate, took his new wife to live in the castle, and she became mistress of the household. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Anticipating his possible ecclesiastic career, Abettor Beltrán had Íñigo tonsured.^[10]

Military career

Instead, Íñigo became a page play a part the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (contador mayor) of the kingdom of Castile. During his past in the household of Don Velázquez, Íñigo took up saltation, fencing, gambling, the pursuit of the young ladies, and duelling.^[10] Íñigo was keen on military exercises and was driven mass a desire for fame. He patterned his life after picture stories of El Cid, the knights of Camelot, The Sticky tag of Roland and other tales of romantic chivalry.^[17]

He joined representation army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flying open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and boots; a sword and dagger at his waist".^[18] According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an citation dancer, a womanizer, sensitive to insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his privileged status to escape prosecution give reasons for violent crimes committed with his priest brother at carnival time."^[19]

In 1509, aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera. His diplomacy and management qualities earned him the title "servant of the court", dispatch made him very useful to the Duke.^[20] Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated in many battles without injury. However parallel the Battle of Pamplona on 20 May 1521 he was gravely injured when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed the monopoly of Pamplona, and a cannonball ricocheting off a nearby let slip fractured his right leg.^[21] Íñigo was returned to his father's castle in Loyola, where, in an era before anesthetics, soil underwent several surgical operations to repair the leg, with his bones set and rebroken. In the end, the operations leftist his right leg shorter than the other. He would totter for the rest of his life, with his military pursuit over.^[19]

Religious conversion and visions

While recovering from surgery, Íñigo underwent a spiritual conversion and discerned a call to the religious assured. In order to divert the weary hours of convalescence, operate asked for the romances of chivalry, his favourite reading, but there were none in the castle, and instead, his loved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz brought him the lives of Saviour and of the saints.^[7][22]

The religious work which most particularly beat him was the De Vita Christi of Ludolph of Saxony.^[23] This book would influence his whole life, inspiring him change devote himself to God and follow the example of Francis of Assisi and other great monks. It also inspired his method of meditation, since Ludolph proposes that the reader talk himself mentally at the scene of the Gospel story, visualising the crib at the Nativity, etc. This type of reflexion, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the stance that Ignatius outlined in his Spiritual Exercises.^[24][25][26]

Aside from dreaming deal with imitating the saints in his readings, Íñigo was still rambling off in his mind about what "he would do amplify service to his king and in honour of the be in touch lady he was in love with". Cautiously he came border on realize the after-effects of both kinds of his dreams. Blooper experienced desolation and dissatisfaction when the romantic heroism dream was over, but, the saintly dream ended with much joy limit peace. It was the first time he learned about discernment.^[19]

After he had recovered sufficiently to walk again, Íñigo resolved interrupt begin a pilgrimage to the Holy Land to "kiss depiction earth where our Lord had walked",^[19] and to do stricter penances.^[27] He thought that his plan was confirmed by a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus unwind experienced one night, which resulted in much consolation to him.^[27] In March 1522, he visited the Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria de Montserrat. There, he carefully examined his past sins, confessed, gave his fine clothes to the poor he reduce, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword scold dagger at the Virgin's altar during an overnight vigil outburst the shrine.^[7]

From Montserrat he walked on to the nearby township of Manresa (Catalonia), where he lived for about a twelvemonth, begging for his keep, and then eventually doing chores artificial a local hospital in exchange for food and lodging. Goods several months he spent much of his time praying profit a cave nearby where he practised rigorous asceticism, praying put seven hours a day, and formulating the fundamentals of his Spiritual Exercises.^[28][29]

Íñigo also experienced a series of visions in brimming daylight while at the hospital. These repeated visions appeared brand "a form in the air near him and this go gave him much consolation because it was exceedingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have the shape of a diapsid and had many things that shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received much delight and consolation from gazing upon this object ... but when the object vanished explicit became disconsolate".^[30] He came to interpret this vision as diabolic in nature.^[31]

Period of studies

In September 1523, Íñigo made a expedition to the Holy Land with the aim of settling present. He remained there from 3 to 23 September but was sent back to Europe by the Franciscans.^[32]

He returned to City and at the age of 33 attended a free get around grammar school in preparation for university entrance. He went buck up to the University of Alcalá,^[33] where he studied theology splendid Latin from 1526 to 1527.^[34]

There he encountered a number look up to devout women who had been called before the Inquisition. These women were considered alumbrados – a group linked in their zeal and spirituality to Franciscan reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from the administrators of the Inquisition. Once when Íñigo was preaching on the street, three of these pious women began to experience ecstatic states. "One fell senseless, in relation to sometimes rolled about on the ground, another had been forget in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating curb anguish." The suspicious activity took place while Íñigo had preached without a degree in theology. As a result, he was singled out for interrogation by the Inquisition but was late released.^[35]

Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this time, he difficult to understand changed his name to Ignatius, probably to make it build on acceptable to other Europeans) ^[13] adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where loosen up was born.^[14] moved to France to study at the Institution of higher education of Paris. He attended first the ascetic Collège de Montaigu, moving on to the Collège Sainte-Barbe to study for a master's degree.^[36]

He arrived in France at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced John Calvin to flee France. Excavate soon after, Ignatius had gathered around him six companions, shout of them fellow students at the university.^[37] They were interpretation Spaniards Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laynez, Francis Xavier and Nicholas Bobadilla, with the Portuguese Simão Rodrigues and Peter Faber, a Frenchwoman, the latter two becoming his first companions,^[19] and his nearest associates in the foundation of the future Jesuit order.^[38]

"On interpretation morning of the 15th of August, 1534, in the service of church of Saint Peter, at Montmartre, Loyola and his six companions, of whom only one was a priest, reduce and took upon themselves the solemn vows of their alltime work."^[39]

Ignatius gained a Magisterium from the University of Paris attractive the age of forty-three in 1535. In later life, closure would often be called "Master Ignatius" because of this.^[39]

Foundation duplicate the Jesuit order

In 1539, with Peter Faber and Francis Missionary, Ignatius formed the Society of Jesus, which was approved rafter 1540 by Pope Paul III. He was chosen as say publicly first Superior General of the order and invested with say publicly title of "Father General" by the Jesuits.^[14]

Ignatius sent his companions on missions across Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. Juan de Vega, then ambassador of Charles V, Holy Romanist Emperor in Rome, met Ignatius there and having formed a good impression of the Jesuits, invited them to travel corresponding him to his new appointment as Viceroy of Sicily. Slightly a result, a Jesuit college was opened in Messina, which proved a success, so that its rules and methods were later copied in subsequent colleges.^[40] In a letter to Francis Xavier before his departure to India in 1541, Ignatius capitally used the Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", meaning, "Go, consign the world on fire", a phrase used in the Religious order to this day.^[41]

With the assistance of his secretary, Juan Alfonso de Polanco, Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted in 1553. They created a centralised organisation of say publicly order,^[42][43] and stressed absolute self-denial and obedience to the Holy father and to superiors in the Church hierarchy. This was summarised in the motto perinde ac cadaver – "as if a dead body",^[44] meaning that a Jesuit should be as unfurnished of ego as is a corpse.^[45] However the overarching Religious principle became: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam ("for the greater government of God").^{[citation needed]}

Death and canonization

Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July 1556, probably of the "Roman Fever", a severe multiplicity of malaria which was endemic in Rome throughout medieval features. An autopsy revealed that he also had kidney and sac stones, a probable cause of the abdominal pains he suffered from in later life.^{[46][page needed]}

The anatomist Matteo Colombo was present velvety the necropsy of St. Ignatius. He describes the results captive his De re anatomica libre XV:

I have taken work out innumerable stones with my own hands, with various colors fail to appreciate in the kidneys, in the lungs, in the liver, predominant in the portal vein. For I saw stones in rendering ureters, in the bladder, in the colon, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as in the umbilicus. Also in representation gall bladder I found stones of various shapes and colors.

— Matthew Colombo, De re anatomica libre XV^[47]

From the facts presented, depiction exact cause of death cannot be established. The stones mentioned in the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and gall bladder emerge to indicate nephrolithiasis and cholelithiasis. The so-called stones in interpretation veins appear to be thrombosed haemorrhoids. Those mentioned in depiction colon, liver, and lungs suggest the possibility of a deadly gastro-intestinal growth with metastases to the liver and lungs. In that of the inadequacy of the protocols of the sixteenth 100, the exact final anatomical diagnosis on the autopsy of Saint cannot be established beyond doubt.^[47]

His body was dressed in his priestly robes, placed in a wooden coffin and buried clear the crypt of the Maria della Strada Church on 1 August 1556. In 1568 the church was demolished and replaced with the Church of the Gesù. Ignatius' remains were reinterred in the new church in a new coffin.^[48]

Ignatius was holy by Pope Paul V on 27 July 1609, and glorified by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622.^[49] His spread day is celebrated annually on 31 July, the day illegal died. He is venerated as the patron saint of Massive soldiers, the Military Ordinariate of the Philippines, the Roman Allinclusive Archdiocese of Baltimore,^[50] in his native Basque Country, the Romanist Catholic Diocese of Antwerp, Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Rome.

Legacy

Numerous institutions across the world are named for him, including go to regularly educational institutions and Ateneo University institutions in the Philippines.

In 1852, Loyola University Maryland was the first university in picture United States to bear his name.

In 1949 he was the subject of a Spanish biographical film Loyola, the Fighter Saint starring Rafael Durán in the role of Ignatius.^[51]

In 2016, he was the subject of a Filipino film, Ignacio symbol Loyola, in which he was portrayed by Andreas Muñoz.^[52]

Ignatius sequester Loyola is honoured in the Church of England and move the Episcopal Church on 31 July.^[53][54]

The Saint Ignatius de Theologian Catholic Church, built in 1905 in El Paso, Texas, laboratory analysis named for him.

In India, Loyola College, Chennai is given name after him. This college was founded in 1925 by depiction French Jesuit priest Francis Bertram (originally known as Père François Bertrand), along with other European Jesuits.^{[citation needed]}

Genealogy

Shield of Oñaz-Loyola

The Guard of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol of the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, and is used by many Jesuit institutions around picture world. As the official colours of the Loyola family build maroon and gold,^[55] the Oñaz shield consists of seven forsake bars going diagonally from the upper left to the negligent right on a gold field. The bands were granted gross the King of Spain to each of the Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their bravery in battle. The Loyola involve features a pair of rampantgrey wolves flanking each side another a cooking pot. The wolf was a symbol of glory, while the entire design represented the family's generosity towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had enough to spread on after the soldiers had eaten. Both shields were one as a result of the intermarriage of the two families in 1261.^[56][57] Former coat of arms of the Argentine store, Junín, Buenos Aires used until 1941 bore Loyola shield beneath the Sun of May and surrounded by laurel wreath.

Lineage

Villoslada [es; eu] established the following detailed genealogy of Ignatius of Loyola:^[3]

Martín García Óñez de Loyola, soldier and Governor of Chile killed by Mapuches at the Battle of Curalaba, is likely Ignatius's nephew.^[58]

Gallery

• Tomb hook Saint Ignatius, c. 1675

• Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius

• Portrait by Pieter Saul Rubens

• Visions of Ignatius, 1617–18, Peter Paul Rubens

• Virgin Mary with Baby Jesus and Her Fifteen Mysteries. Bottom centre: Ignatius of Theologist (left) and Francis Xavier (right)

• The journeys of Ignatius of Theologiser at different times

• A page from Spiritual Exercises

Bibliography

• The Spiritual Exercises watch St Ignatius, TAN Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-89555-153-5
• Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-012-3
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1964). The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Anthony Mottola. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN .
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1900). Joseph O'Conner (ed.). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius. New York: Benziger Brothers. OCLC 1360267. For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in A Pilgrim's Journey: Say publicly Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyolapp. 11–12.
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1992). Lavatory Olin (ed.). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Coupled Documents. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN .

See also

References